Ways to convey someone else's speech. Direct and indirect speech

Humanity could not achieve today's progress without the possibility of verbal communication with each other. Speech is our wealth. The opportunity to communicate with people of both their own and other nationalities allowed countries to come to the present level of civilization.

Another's speech

In addition to own words, there is such a thing as "someone else's speech". These are statements that do not belong to the author, but are included in the general conversation. Also, someone else's speech refers to the words of the author himself, but only those phrases he said either in the past or plans to say in the future. Mentality, the so-called "inner speech," also refers to a stranger. It can be oral or written.

As an example, we cite a quote from Mikhail Bulgakov's book Master and Margarita: "Do you think?" Berlioz whispered anxiously, and himself thought: "But he's right!"

Transfer of someone else's speech

With the passage of time, special ways of conveying someone else's speech appeared in the language:

1. Direct speech.
2. Indirect speech.
3. Dialog.
4. Citation.

Direct speech

If we consider ways to convey someone else's speech, then this is intended for a verbatim reproduction of the form and content of the conversation.

The constructions of direct speech consist of two parts - these are the author's words and, in fact, a direct speech. The structure of these structures can be different. So, how can there be ways to convey someone else's speech? Examples:

• First comes the author's words, followed by a direct speech.

Masha entered the hotel room, looked around, and then turned to Kolya and said: "Excellent room! I would even live here. "

• Here first comes a direct speech, and only then the words of the author.

"Excellent room, I would even live here," - said Masha Kolya, when she entered the hotel room.

• The third method allows you to alternate direct speech with the words of the author.

"Excellent room!" Masha admired when she entered the hotel room. "Then she turned to Kolya:" I would stay here. "

Indirect speech

Speech from a third party can be transmitted in various ways. One of them is the use of indirect speech. Indirect speech are complex sentences with an explanatory subordinate clause. Thus, the transfer of someone else's speech can be carried out. Examples:

Masha told Kolya that the hotel room was excellent, and she would even have stayed in it.

They greeted each other, and Andrei told Mikhail Viktorovich that he was very glad to see him.

Means of communication

The way to combine the main and subordinate clauses in an indirect speech with what union or union word is called the choice of a means of communication. It depends on the original sentence and on the purpose of the statement. The message can be narrative, motivating or interrogative.

• In the narrative sentence the unions "what", "if", or "allegedly" are most often used. For example: The student said: "I will present at the seminar a report on the environmental problems of the region." / The student said that he will address the seminar with a report on the environmental problems of the region.
• The incentive proposal uses the "to" union. For example: The school principal ordered: "Take part in the city exhibition". / The school director ordered that they take part in the city exhibition.
• In the interrogative sentence, the relative pronoun, the particle "li", or the double particles "whether ..." may become a means of communication. For example: Students asked the teacher: "When do I have to take the course on your subject?" / The students asked the teacher when it would be necessary to take the course.

In indirect speech it is customary to use pronouns and verbs from the standpoint of the speaker. When sentences are translated from direct to indirect speech, the order of words is often changed in them, and the loss of individual elements is also noted. Most often this is an interjection, particles or introductory words. For example: "Tomorrow, maybe it will be very cold," said my friend. / My friend suggested that tomorrow it will be very cold.

Indirectly direct speech

Considering the ways of transferring someone else's speech, one should also mention such a phenomenon as improperly direct speech. This concept includes both direct and indirect speech. A statement of this kind preserves, in whole or in part, both the syntactic and lexical features of speech, conveys the manner of the speaker.

Its main feature is the transmission of narrative. It's on behalf of the author, not the character himself.

For example: "She measured the steps in the room, not knowing what to do, but how to explain to her brother that it was not she who told all her parents, they would not say it themselves, but who would believe her! How many times did she give out his tricks, and then ... Something needs to be invented. "

Dialog

Another way to convey someone else's speech is dialogue. This is a conversation between several people, expressed in direct speech. It consists of replicas, that is, the transmission of the words of each participant in the conversation without changing them. Each pronounced phrase is related to others in structure and meaning, and punctuation marks in the transmission of someone else's speech do not change. In the dialogue, the author's words may occur.

For example:

"So, how's your number?" Asked Kolya.

"It's a great room!" Answered Masha to him. - I would even live here.

Types of Dialogues

There are several basic types of dialogs. They convey the conversations of people with each other and, like the conversation, they can have a different character.

• Dialogue can consist of questions and answers to them:

- Great news! And when will the concert take place? Vika asked.

"In a week, on the seventeenth." It will be at six o'clock. You must go, you will not regret!

• Sometimes the speaker is interrupted in mid-sentence. In this case, the dialogue will consist of unfinished phrases, which the interlocutor continues:

- And at this time our dog started barking loudly ...

- Ah, I remember! You were still in a red dress. Yes, we had a great time that day. It will be necessary to repeat somehow.

• In some dialogues, the replicas of the speakers supplement and continue the general thought. They talk about one common subject:

"Let's dig a little more money and we will be able to buy a small house," said the father of the family.

- Yes, somewhere far away from the hustle and bustle of the city center. Better on its outskirts. Or in general in the suburbs, closer to nature, the forest, to fresh air, - thought his mother.

"And I will have my own room!" I must have my own room! And the dog! We'll get a dog, yes, Mom? - Asked seven-year-old Anya.

- Of course. Who else can guard our house? Answered her mother.

• Sometimes the conversers may agree or refute the statements of each other:

"I called her today," he told his sister. "She, in my opinion, felt bad. The voice is weak and hoarse. I got very sick.

"No, she's better," the girl answered. - The temperature was asleep, and the appetite appeared. Soon he will completely recover.

This is how the basic forms of dialogue look. But do not forget that we do not communicate in just one style. During the conversation we combine different phrases, situations. Therefore, there is also a complex form of dialogue, which contains various combinations of it.

Quotes

When a student is asked: "Name the ways of transferring someone else's speech," he, more often than not, recalls the concepts of direct and indirect speech, as well as quotes. Quotations refer to the literal reproduction of a certain person's utterance. Quoting phrases in order to clarify, confirm or deny someone else's idea.

Confucius once said: "Choose a job to your liking, and you will not have to work a single day in your life."

Quoting as a way of conveying someone else's speech helps to demonstrate one's own education, and sometimes to drive the interlocutor to a standstill. Most people know that these or those phrases were once someone already uttered, but that's who those people were - they do not know. Using quotes, you need to be sure of their authorship.

Finally

There are different ways of transferring someone else's speech. The main are direct and indirect speech. There is also a way, which includes both of these concepts, - this is an improperly direct speech. Conversations of two or more people are called dialogue. And this is also a transfer of someone else's speech. Well, quoting Socrates: "The only true wisdom is in the realization that we do not really know anything."