Permanent signs of a noun are ... Permanent and unstable signs of a noun

The noun is a significant, independent part of speech. Recall that it denotes an object. That is, to this part of the speech belong words that answer the questions "what?" or who?". Grammatical signs of a noun are declination, number, case, gender, animality, and also division into own and common.

Morphological signs and syntactic role of nouns

Let us now consider this part of the speech in more detail. Morphological signs of a noun are divided into two groups: permanent (unchangeable) and non-permanent (mutable). Let us consider them briefly first, and then we will discuss in more detail the first. Permanent signs of a noun are division into own / common, inanimate / animate. They also include the type of declension and gender. The non-permanent signs of the noun's name are the case and the number.

In the sentence, this part of speech can play any syntactic role. However, most often nouns act as a complement or subject. As opening words or appeals they are not members of the sentence.

Variable and unchangeable symptoms

This part of speech, as we have already mentioned, has its own morphological features - invariable and variable. Permanent signs of the noun are unchangeable. They refer generally to the whole word. Changeable - only to its individual forms. For example, the noun "Natalia" is its own, animate, 1 skl., Z.r. It can be put in any form, but these signs will be preserved necessarily. "Natalia" can be in the singular and plural (the sign of the plural of the noun - the corresponding ending), and also in various cases. There are other examples. That is, the case and number are non-permanent signs of nouns. It is necessary to distinguish between them and not to be confused in the analysis. Both permanent and non-permanent unite in that they are morphological signs of a noun.

Own / common nouns

This division is based on the features of the value. Own names are called a specific, separate subject, common are homogeneous objects, that is, any of a certain series. Compare, for example, such nouns:

- turnip, fairy tale, river, country, lake, child (common);

- "Repka", Baikal, Volga, Russia, Alexey (own).

Varied common nouns. They are included in the following digits by value:

- abstract (in other words, abstract): a miracle, happiness, fear, joy, surprise;

- specific: fishing rod, notebook, mouse, document, computer, table;

- collective: the spectator, nobility, foliage, youth ;

- real: coffee, milk, oxygen, water, gold, iron .

Names include different names of people, as well as geographical names, animal names, names of works of art, literature, etc. Examples: "Kolobok", "Teenager", Ural, Ob, Beetle, Sashenka, Sashka, Alexander , etc.

Inanimation / Animation

Continue to consider the constant signs of the noun. This, as we have already mentioned, is inanimate / animated. Nouns that are animate are called living things, and inanimate ones are called lifeless.

Examples of the first: ant, dog, child, father, mother. Inanimate - this is laughter, rapture, toy, program, lilac, war, ocean, orange.

The following is important for morphology:

- In the plural, the accusative form of animate nouns coincides with the form of the genitive. Example: I saw boys and girls near the school (V.P. = R.n.). In inanimate nouns, the accusative form corresponds to the nominative form. Example: I love movies and books (V.P. = I.p.).

- In the singular among the animate nouns belonging to the masculine gender, the form of the accusative coincides with the genitive case. Example: There are several men in the room (Rn = Rn). And for inanimate masculine nouns, the accusative form corresponds to the nominative form. Example: Mom baked a pie (W. = I.p.).

All other words belonging to this part of speech differ in the forms of the nominative, genitive and accusative cases. The sign of inanimate / animatedness, therefore, can be determined not only by its value, but also by the set of corresponding endings for a given word.

Noun: middle, feminine, masculine

Nouns have a gender. They have a permanent morphological sign. This part of speech by birth does not change. There are three kinds in Russian: middle, female and male. They have sets of endings. The genus of animate nouns is largely determined by sex, since the words denote male and female faces. Examples: a young man is a girl, a man is a woman, a husband is a wife, a brother is a sister, a father is a mother , etc. That is, a grammatical attribute is correlated with gender.

Belonging to a certain kind of inanimate nouns is not motivated. Words such as a pond, lake, river, sea, ocean are representatives of different genera. This affiliation can not be determined from the meaning of these words.

Endings are a morphological indicator of one kind or another.

Nouns of the general kind

A few group of nouns is very unusual. These words are interesting in that they can denote both female and male. For example, they are such as a daredevil, a coppy, a sprawl, a slobber, a slob, a bully, an ignoramus, a ignoramus, a crybaby, a greedy, a dormouse, a glutton, a clever woman. In similar words, the form coincides with the words denoting the feminine gender. They have the same set of endings. But the syntactic compatibility is different.

For example, you can say in Russian: " He's clever! " And " She's so clever! ". Thus, the sex we learn from the animate person according to the form of the pronoun used in the text (in our case) or the verb in the past tense, or the adjective. Example with the verb: " Sonia already woke up " and " Sonia already woke up ." Such nouns have a special name - they refer to nouns of the general kind.

It should be noted that they do not belong to words that indicate professions. You may already know that many of these nouns are masculine. Examples: philologist, geologist, economist, engineer, driver, doctor. However, they can designate not only the male, but also the female. Examples: " My father is a doctor ", " My mother is a doctor ". Even if this word refers to a female representative, verbs in the past tense and adjectives can be used in both genera. Examples: "The doctor came " and "The doctor came ."

How can we determine the genus for the unchangeable words?

There are also immutable nouns. Their peculiarity is that they are borrowed. In Russian, these words have a gender. But how can it be determined? It is not difficult to do this if you understand what the corresponding word means. Let's consider examples.

Madame - monsieur - the genus signifying the animate face of the words corresponds to sex.

Chimpanzees, kangaroos - words that are called animals have a masculine gender.

Sukhumi, Tbilisi - the names of cities are masculine nouns.

Zimbabwe, Congo - the names of states are the middle class.

Yangtze, Mississippi - the designation of rivers - female.

The muffler, the coat are inanimate objects, mostly of the middle kind.

Declination of nouns: a general characteristic

Nouns have declination. It is a special type by which words change. Nouns vary in case and number. Depending on the availability of appropriate forms in words in different cases and numbers, they belong to one of the declensions. There are three in all - the first, second and third. One of them is the overwhelming majority of nouns in the Russian language. Declination is an unchangeable, permanent morphological feature.

Three declensions

To the first declension belong nouns of male and female gender with endings - I and - a in the nominative case. Examples: lecture, Anya, Anna, earth, water, grandfather, dad, mother.

The second includes nouns of the masculine gender having in the nominative case a zero ending, as well as the middle one, in case the initial form ends with -e or -o . Examples: Alexey, genius, building, lake, sea, Alexander, house, brother, father.

The third declension is made up of words belonging to the female gender, which have a zero ending in the form of I.p. Examples: night, dust, trembling .

Dissimilar nouns

There are also different syllables. These include those that have endings that are characteristic of different types of declination. There are few such nouns. They are very ancient. But in today's speech, some are frequency ones. Examples: banner, flame, name, time, crown, udder, burden, seed, tribe, stirrup.

These are the constant signs of the noun. This is a very important material that should be carefully studied. Analysis of this part of the speech is one of the main topics in the Russian language. At school the signs of a noun (4 class - the first acquaintance, the final class - the detailed analysis in preparation for the USE) pass in sufficient detail. The examinations require a good knowledge of this part of the speech. Therefore, the signs of nouns must be firmly remembered.