All about cases: oblique case, direct case, little-known cases

The first scientific definition of the case (in the opinion of VA Uspensky) was given by a mathematician named Kolmogorov Andrei Nikolaevich. He believed that this requires attracting not only formal, syntactic, but also semantic means. The modern definition is as follows: the case is a category of the word, indicating its syntactic role in the sentence and helping to link individual words into one whole.

The very term "case", like the names of cases, was translated from Latin and Greek.

There are two main types of cases: the case and the oblique case. To the direct cases include nominative and accusative, and to indirect - the other four types (genitive, dative, instrumental, prepositional).

The terms "direct" and "indirect" cases appeared in our language in connection with the ancient notions of declension as a deviation from the only correct form of the word. The analogy was carried out with a game of dice, where in either throw, either the straight side (the straight case) or the indirect sides (the oblique case) falls out.

The case system in Russia is represented by six cases. Each of them has auxiliary words, which allow them to be unmistakably determined.

1). Nominative - words in this case are combined with the auxiliary word "is".

2). Genitive - the auxiliary word "no".

3). Dative - the auxiliary word "give."

4). Accusative - the auxiliary word "blame".

5). The instrumental is an auxiliary word "satisfied" ("created").

6). The prepositional is the auxiliary word "think (o)".

Also, to simplify their definition, there are questions to cases. The direct cases have one identical question of the two: the nominee answers the questions "Who? What? ", And accusative -" Who? What?". The questions of the oblique cases are different. The genitive case answers the questions "Who? What? ", Dative -" To whom? " What? ", Instrumental -" By whom? " What? ", The prelude -" About whom? " About what? "(" In whom? In what? ").

In the n language , the nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals change and incline by case. Endings of words are nothing more than a way to express declension.

The direct case and the oblique case are not the only kinds of cases, as many claim. There are additional cases:

1). The vocative case - it was the seventh case in the Russian language until 1918 and was used when addressing a person. Examples of the sacred case - Kat, An, Tan, grandfather, daughter. Now the vocative case to some extent replaces the dative.

2). The quantitative-separative case is used for a noun that shows the whole with respect to some part, also referred to herein. In the school system, the words of the quantitative-separative case are equated to the genitive case.

3). The locative is the prepositional case, combined with the place. Answering the questions "About what?" Where?". Examples: talk about the table, be in the table.

4). The initial case is a case with the use of the noun indicating the place where the movement starts. Example: left the forest.

In addition to these cases, a few more are distinguished: countable, temporal, awaiting, inclusive, and others. The exact number of cases is still unknown.

There is a problem of determining the case of a noun on a question, if it is an accusative, prepositional or congressional case.

In different countries there are case systems, sometimes overlapping with the Russian on morphological, stylistic and other grounds. Abroad, we use such cases as spatial, possessive, original, directive, depriving, as well as accusative, instrumental, dative and others.

In languages where there are no cases, other methods are used to show the role of the word in the sentence (use of prepositions and postpositions, a certain order of words in the text).

Do I need to know the case? Of course, it is necessary, because it's not for nothing that they are studied even in the school curriculum!