Words without end: examples. What are the words without an ending?

Morphemica studies significant parts of the word, such as root, suffix, prefix, ending. In the Russian language, the word may not contain any of these components except the root. He is the main bearer of lexical meaning. The rest of the word only clarifies it or expresses a grammatical meaning. A special place in this list is the ending, which is not necessary for independent words.

Independent words with an ending

Parts of the speech of the Russian language are divided into independent and official. The latter include alliances, prepositions, particles and interjections. They have no lexical meaning and act only as a supplement to the meaning of independent words or for their connection in the phrase, sentence. Therefore they are unchanging and have no endings.

Independent parts of speech consist of such morphemes, which can change, expressing belonging to one or another grammatical category. Most often this is the ending.

Almost all full-value lexemes have it. The simplest structure of the word: root + ending. The root is almost always unchanged. The exception is only complex language processes, such as alternating sounds. The ending always changes.

The role of ending in a word

The ending is the minimal significant part of the word, expressing a grammatical meaning and serving to connect words with each other. Full-text words with an ending can vary by case, person, gender, number and other grammatical categories. This provides grammatically correct combinations in word combinations and sentences.

The ending position in the word is the absolute end. True, in Russian there is a verbal postfix-ya, which is located only at the end of the word. Therefore, the ending may be in front of him. But this is an exception to the rules.

To select the ending, you need to incline the word in any of the known grammatical categories. For example, changing the number indicates which sound will change: the dog - the dog, the green - the green, it - they . As you can see, in all these words the last letter (sound, morpheme) has changed. This will be the end.

Unchangeable full-valued words

In Russian there are full-valued words without endings. Examples of them are known to many: high, taxi, sing . These are the full-valued parts of speech, but due to historical circumstances and grammatical features they do not change, which means they do not need endings. Pretexts are the grammatical link for these words.

The expression of gender, number, case in such words is determined by the dependent ones. For example: green-eyed taxi - the last word of the middle genus in the singular. This is evident from the name of the adjective, which is also in this form.

Unfortunately, not everyone knows what words do not end in Russian. These names are nouns, borrowed from other languages: kangaroos, coats, Mississippi . Verbal infinitives also have no endings: singing, dancing, somersaulting . Adverbs are full-valued invariable words: high, hot, fast . The last sound is often called the ending, although it is a suffix typical for adverbs.

The special form of the verb - the gerundive - also has no end, because it absorbed some grammatical attributes of the adverb: after reading, running away .

Zero endings

Also in Russian there are words without endings, examples of which in fact have an ending: horse, table, door, night . It appears when the case or number is changed: horse - horse - horse - horse, table - table - table - table, night - night, door - door .

This phenomenon in philology is called the zero ending. In its initial form, it has no physical expression. In the Old Slavonic language such an ending was expressed with the help of the letter,, which was not read, but indicated that this word can change: the table, the floor . Over time, this letter was lost, and the ending in such words ceased to be physically present.

Therefore, it is worthwhile to be attentive, defining this morpheme in full-valued words.

Words of foreign origin

Language interactions are an invariable part of the lexical enrichment process. Depending on the time of borrowing a word and the activity of its use, it can be strongly embedded in the grammar system or not. Long borrowed words by many native speakers are already perceived as native: a mast, an accountant, a telephone .

There are a number of tokens that have never been able to become a full-fledged part of the language: taxi, subway, kangaroo, coat, coffee .

In these words in the end there is a vowel sound, which many perceive as a variable part. In fact, these are words without endings, examples of which we meet every day.

Therefore, grammatically incorrect to say: conversation behind the coffee, a girl with a coat, come on a meter, on two taksyah . Grammatical justification for such changes in the Russian language yet. Perhaps in time they will become full-fledged mutable words, but at the moment of language development they remain in only one form.

Infinitives

On the question of whether there are words without endings in the Russian language, each philologist will answer in the affirmative. Indeed, native tokens also exist a lot, which do not change, and therefore do not have a number of grammatical categories.

First of all, these are infinitives. The system of verbal forms of the Russian language is quite extensive and diverse. The fact is that these forms can exist as independent parts of speech, while possessing the main feature - to point to action.

Infinitives are the initial form of verbs. Their main task - to carry a lexical meaning: the action as such, without reference to the person, time and way of its implementation ( read, write, run, sing ).

In this form they can appear in sentences both in the verbal role and in the noun. If the infinitive has an ending, it becomes either a personal verb or a participle.

Another unaltered form of verbs - gerundive - indicates the process of performing the action and is formed not by an ending, but by a suffix characteristic for this part of the speech.

Adverb

The adverb never acted as a changing part of speech. These are the words without endings, examples of which show that the connection in the word combinations is possible without changing the grammatical category.

The role of adverbs in the language - indicate the additional circumstances of the action. Although they have a lexical meaning, they do not really have a full-fledged independence.

For example, " slow" or " fast" is talking about the pace of doing something. But without a verb it is not clear what is at stake. The same applies to any other adverb.

Therefore, the riches of grammatical categories, like the verb or the noun, he does not, and is not required. After all, the main meaning is expressed by the lexical meaning and suffix, characteristic for the adverb.

Own foreign names

To the number of unchanging words, and hence, without ending, the majority of foreign proper names also belong: Rio de Janeiro, Mississippi, Peugeot . These words do not stand out well for the prefix, root, ending, suffix.

The reason for this is the peculiarity of the foreign language system. Some moments seem to a person uninitiated quite similar to the Russian language, although in fact we are facing interlingual homonymy at the level of specific morphemes.

There is, of course, a whole array of similar words that have long entered our language and become part of its grammatical system: the Sahara - the Sahara, the Andes - in the Andes, the Rhine - on the Rhine . But in such lexemes, endings are exclusively Russian and have nothing to do with the native languages of these words.

Morphological wealth

Philology knows many words without endings, examples of which are used daily in speech by all native speakers. The possibility of the existence of these lexemes is ensured by the richness of morphemes and their grammatical meanings.

Not only the ending can change the form of the word, but also the suffixes. In addition, it is more often observed when the end of one word acts as an index of grammatical categories in the second. That is, the main word requires from the dependent the particular form that is peculiar to himself: a gray coat, in a gray coat, with a gray coat, a gray coat.

In the same English, most words are without endings at all, and grammatical categories are expressed with the help of prepositions, which causes strong difficulties in studying by people who are carriers of the Slavic languages, in which the paradigm of endings pointing to a particular form of the word is quite developed.