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Return gerundive. Types of gerunds in Russian
The Russian language, apart from the independent and official parts of speech, is rich in so-called special forms. They include the reciprocal gerundive and all kinds of gerunds as a whole. Many linguists still can not come to a consensus on this part of the speech. Some argue that this is an independent part of speech, and others - that the verb is too great in the formation and use of gerunds to talk about its independence.
Definition
To begin with, let us remember what is the gerundance? This is an independent part of speech or it is also called a special form of the verb, which means action under the main action. Answering the questions "What are you doing?", "What did you do?"
Similar verb forms exist in many languages, except Russian: in Latin, French and others, and is called gerund.
By its origin, the gerundive belongs to an unformed form, in other words, to a short form of the participle in the nominative case. And it arose because of the loss of the form of declination of an impersonal communion.
Double Nature
The gerundive of any species is often confused with a verb or an adverb. And all because this part of the speech is of a double nature.
Let's consider, what attributes have allocated a verb and adverb adverb:
Sign of the verb | A sign of an adverb | |
The presence of the |
| |
Perfect | Imperfect | |
Example: having overcome, having constructed, having smiled. |
(-I). Example: overcoming, building, smiling. | |
Transitional | Intransitive | |
Has a dependent word in the accusative case without a preposition. Example: exploring the terrain | Has no dependent word in the accusative case. Example: walking, enjoying | |
Recurrence | ||
Returnable | Irrevocable | |
Example: swimming (from swim), to swim (from having bought) |
-at. Example: opening (from opening), constructing (from constructing) | |
Syntactic role | ||
In the sentence is the circumstance of the mode of action. Example (transgressive givers) : I listened without interrupting. Without thinking of anything bad , the travelers went to the rocks. Example (return gerundance): When I came back , I found only my father's house. | ||
Writing with "not"
In frequent cases, the gerundive with the particle "not" is written separately (because everyone remembers the well-known rule: "not" with verbs is written separately).
Example: not reading, not deciding.
But there are, as you know, exceptions to the rules. The reciprocal participle and other forms of this part of speech with the particle "not" will be written together, if:
- The gerundive is formed from verbs that are not used without "not" (indignantly, underestimating, unseeing);
- The gerundive is formed from verbs with a prefix "under-" (nedosoliv, not getting enough sleep).
In addition, any word and its writing need to look at the context. The insidious Russian language can present surprises, even the reference points for the suffixes of the reciprocal verbal participles and the irrevocable ones can not help.
Example: "not eating" and "undernourishing".
The sister goes to the university without eating breakfast. - Here the word is used in the context of "does not eat up whole".
During the war, people could live without eating for months. - Here the word is used in the context of "not ate, were almost hungry."
Syntactic role
The return participle, as well as other types of gerunds, have the following features:
- Adhere to the verb-predicate, being a circumstance.
- Do not conjugate.
- Rarely adjoin a nominal predicate, which is a noun or a short adjective.
- Adhere to the predicate, denoting an additional action that accompanies the basic action expressed by the predicate;
- It is possible to replace the conjugated verb form.
In written speech there are deeprichastnye turns, which are separated by commas.
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