Vocabulary in terms of origin. Lexical system of the modern Russian language. New words

The Russian language, like any other language, has its own lexical system, which was formed over the course of not just centuries, but even millennia. The composition of the vocabulary has a different origin. Isolate in it and the native Russian, and borrowed words. Grammar vocabulary and the origin of words are studied in school, as well as in philological faculties.

Basic concepts

The Russian language has a rich lexical system, the formation of which began back in the Neolithic era and continues today. Some words disappear from the active vocabulary of the language, become archaisms, others, on the contrary, penetrate into our speech, become an integral part of it.

In the system of language, vocabulary from the point of view of origin is divided into borrowed and primordially Russian. Aboriginal Russian vocabulary is about 90% of the entire lexical composition. The rest refers to the borrowed. In addition, every year our vocabulary is replenished with new words and concepts that arise as a result of scientific and technological progress.

Aboriginal Russian vocabulary

The main layer is originally Russian vocabulary. In this group, the following subgroups are distinguished, correlated with the stages of development not only of the language, but of the people themselves:

1. Indo-European vocabulary.
2. All-Slavic.
3. Old Russian.
4. Actually Russian.

The words that appeared in these periods form the basis, the backbone of our vocabulary. It is his and should be considered first.

Indo-European period

Originally Russian vocabulary from the point of view of origin dates back to the Neolithic period. The period is characterized by the presence of one, a common proto-language - Indo-European, which functioned around the II millennium BC. The words of this group include the names of animals, concepts for the designation of kinship, food. For example: mother, daughter, ox, bull, meat and others. All of them have consonant matching in other languages. For example, the word mother has a similar sound in both English ( mother ) and German ( mutter ).

The all-Slavonic stage

Common Slavonic vocabulary emerged around the sixth century AD. It was inherited from various tribes living in the Balkans, Central and Eastern Europe.

The vocabulary of this period refers to lexico-semantic groups, which are used to denote the names of body parts, animals, natural phenomena, time intervals, plants and flowers, the names of parts of buildings, tools. The most vivid examples of vocabulary preserved from this period: oak, linden, spruce, wood, leaf, millet, barley, bark, hoe, house, canopy, shelter, chicken, goose, kvass, jelly. The vocabulary of this vocabulary is inherent mainly to the Slavic peoples.

The Old Russian Period

Old Russian (or East Slavic) vocabulary penetrated into our vocabulary during the settlement of the Slavs on the territory of modern Europe, around the XI-IX centuries. The period of formation of the formation of the state of Kievan Rus, that is, the IX-XIV century, also belongs here. There are such words as good, blue, uncle, lace, finch, squirrel, forty, ninety, today.

These words are also characterized by the presence of attachments in-, out-, to-, For example: a platoon, knock out, finish off, catch up.

Find vocabulary formed in this period, you can only in Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages.

Period of formation of Russian nationality

Since the XIV century, a new grammatical vocabulary has begun to appear in Russian. These words appear after the collapse of the Old Slavonic language into Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages. To the actual Russian words are such as grumbling, wallpaper, cabbage rolls, experience.

This includes all nouns formed with the suffixes- sash, -sovshchik, -stvo, -sh (a) . For example: fire extinguisher, party membership, nationality, checkered . This applies also to adverbs in the peasant way, in the autumn , verbs to shiver, crash, worry .

Knowing these features, you can easily calculate the words formed at this stage of development.

This period is the last in the formation of the main layer of the proper Russian tokens.

Borrowed vocabulary

Since ancient times, the Russian people have developed not only trade and cultural ties, but also political and military. All this led to linguistic borrowing. Getting into Russian, the word in the lexical system of language changed under its action and became part of its vocabulary. The borrowed words greatly enriched the Russian language, brought a lot of new into it.

Some words were borrowed completely, some changed - they received primordially Russian suffixes or prefixes, which eventually led to the formation of a new word, already of Russian origin. For example, the word "computer" has entered our lexicon without changes, but the word "atomist" is considered to be originally Russian, since it was formed from the borrowed word "atom" according to the original Russian word-building model.

Allocate borrowing from the Slavic, as well as the Turkic, Latin, Greek, German-Romance languages, which include English and German, Italian, Spanish, Dutch.

Old Slavs

After the acceptance of Christianity by Russia at the end of the 10th century, many words came into Russian. This was due to the appearance in Russia of Church Slavonic books. Old Slavonic, or Old Bulgarian, Church Slavonic, the language was used by a number of Slavic states as a literary written language, which was used to translate Greek church books.

From it into Russian came the church terms, the words denoting abstract concepts. These include a priest, a cross, power, disaster, consent and many others. Initially, these words were used only in written, bookish speech, but eventually penetrated into the oral one.

The vocabulary of the Church Slavonic language from the point of view of origin has the following distinguishing features:

1. The so-called incompleteness in the root of words. For example: a gate or a prisoner . At the same time, full versions will be full of gates .
2. The combination of railway in the roots of words. A vivid example is the word walking .
3. The presence in the words of the consonant n , for example in the word illumination .
4. Vowel e at the beginning of the word and before the hard consonant: unit .
5. Syllables la-, ra- a beginning of the word. For example: a rook equal.
6. Presence of consoles is possible, for example . For example: to repay, excessive.
7. Suffixes -stiv-, -usch-, -yus-, -asch-, -jash-: versed, burning, melting.
Parts of the first words of God are good, evil, sinful, soul-good: God-fearing, evil, blessing.

These words are used today in Russian. However, few people suspect that in fact the named lexemes are not originally Russian and have foreign roots. Especially often they can be found in biblical texts, works of classics of Russian literature.

Polish lexemes

Considering the question of what kind of vocabulary there is from the point of view of origin, one can not help recalling borrowings from the Polish language, which began in the 17th-18th centuries. From the West Slavic language, words such as scraps, malovat, rabbit, periwinkle, jam have penetrated into ours . It is worth noting that they have replenished the stock of not only Russian, but also Ukrainian, Belarusian.

Greek borrowing

A significant layer of borrowed vocabulary is Greek. To penetrate into our language, it began in the period of Slavonic unity. The oldest lexical "gifts" include such words as a room, a bed, a cauldron .

In the period from IX to XI century the following words were borrowed: anathema, angel, mathematics, lamp, history, philosophy, notebook, bath, lantern . In a later period, words relating to words from the field of art and science were borrowed: comedy, anapaest, logic, analogy and many other concepts that are firmly entrenched in the terminological apparatus of most modern sciences.

It should be noted that thanks to the influence of Greece and Byzantium, the vocabulary and phraseology of the Russian language have significantly enriched. However, the influence of these countries on themselves was felt not only by such a science as philology, but also by mathematics, physics, chemistry, and art.

Latin language

In the period from the XVI to the VXIII century, Russian words include Latin words that enriched the lexical fund in the field of scientific, technical, social and political terminology. They enter mainly through the Ukrainian and Polish languages. Especially strongly contributed to this development of education and science, as well as historical and cultural ties of these countries.

From Latin to us came such familiar concepts as vacations, office, director, audience, school, process, public, revolution and others.

Türkic language

Long since our paths crossed with the Tatars, the Turks. Such words as pearl, beads, caravan, money, a bazaar, a watermelon, a robe, fog, sharovary , the names of the suits of horses come from the Turkic language to Russian: chaly, bay, brown.

Predominantly, the borrowing came from the Tatar language. It is connected with the trade, cultural or military ties that existed between our peoples for several centuries.

Scandinavian Languages

Very little borrowing from the Scandinavian languages - Swedish, Norwegian. Infiltrated in the early period because of the trade ties that existed between our peoples even in the pre-Christian period.

The most vivid words that penetrated the Russian lexical system: the names Igor and Oleg , the names of the products - herring, pood, hook, mast, and slander.

Western European languages

The origin of the vocabulary of the modern Russian language, its development is also closely related to a number of European languages. After the reforms of Peter I, in the XVII-XVIII centuries, the Russian language includes lexemes from Western European languages.

From German came a number of words in our language for military, commercial and household vocabulary, science and art: bill, headquarters, corporal, tie, easel, resort, landscape.

The Dutch "shared" with Russian nautical terms: shipyard, harbor, pilot, fleet, sailor . Marine terms also came from the English language: midshipman, brig.

Were from English into our lexical system and such words as boycott, tunnel, football, sport, finish, cake, pudding.

In the twentieth century there are words from the technical and sports, financial, commercial spheres, art. New words, replenished at that time our lexical system: computer, file, byte, overtime, broker, leasing, talk show, thriller, briefing, impeachment.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the words from the French language - bracelet, wardrobe, vest, coat, broth, cutlet, toilet, battalion, garrison, actor, play, director - also penetrate into the Russian language .

From Italian and Spanish to Russian came musical terms, terms from the sphere of art: aria, tenor, libretto, sonata, carnival, gondola, serenade, guitar.

All of them are still actively functioning in our lexical system, and we can learn from dictionaries about where and how they came from.

Neologisms

At the present stage, the lexical system of the Russian language is replenished with new words. They enter the language by the emergence of fresh concepts and phenomena. When an object or thing arises, new words arise for their designation. They do not immediately enter the active vocabulary.

For a while, the word is considered a neologism, then it becomes common and firmly enters the language. Earlier, in words-neologisms were a pioneer, a Komsomol member, an astronaut, a Khrushchev, and so on. Now no one will suspect them of neologisms.

Dictionaries

In order to check which vocabulary is used in this or that way from the point of view of origin, one can refer to etymological dictionaries. They detail the origin of the word, its initial etymology. You can use school and short etymological dictionaries edited by N. Shanskii, "Russian etymological dictionary" by A. E. Anikin or "Etymological dictionary" by PA Krylov and others.

To learn the meaning of foreign words that come to us from foreign languages, one can use the wonderful "Dictionary of Foreign Words" edited by Ozhegov.

Study at school

Vocabulary in terms of origin and use is usually studied in the Russian language course in the section "Lexicology and Phraseology". The most attention is paid to this topic in grades 5-6, and also 10th. Schoolchildren learn the origin of words and phraseological units, their meaning, learn to distinguish them, work with different dictionaries.

In some cases, teachers can conduct whole electives, extracurricular activities devoted to the study of the origin of words.

What materials can be used to study the topic "Vocabulary in terms of origin"? Table with classification and examples, texts in different languages, containing words borrowed from the Russian language, dictionaries.

Studying at the university

Especially the vocabulary is studied in detail from the point of view of origin at the university, at the philological faculty. This topic is given several sessions in the course "Lexicology and Phraseology of the Modern Russian Language." In practical classes, students sort out different texts, finding in them originally Russian and borrowed words, classify them, work with dictionaries. Identify and stylistic possibilities of borrowed, obsolete words.

At lecture and seminar classes the classification of vocabulary by origin, use and functioning in modern Russian language is considered in detail. Such an approach makes it possible to interest students, to master most deeply the offered knowledge on the topic under study.

conclusions

Any word in the lexical system of language has its own history and origin. Some words have long functioned in our language, even from the time when a single Indo-European language was functioning, others came to us in different time periods from Slavic or European languages, while others arose during the development of modern information technologies.

Understanding the history of the emergence of certain words will help us not only to understand their deep meaning, but also to trace the development of our country's culture in this or that period.