What are the pretexts in Russian? Prepositions of place, time and non-derivatives. How to write excuses correctly

What is an excuse, any schoolboy can answer, this part of the speech children begin to learn from the second class and about what kind of pretexts they find out during the whole school program. However, in conversation they begin to use them from the very first phrases, because how they allow you to build up the dependence of words from each other so that the statement has acquired meaning and has become a proposition. And although the preposition is an unchangeable part that does not act as a member of the proposal at all, but can only be tied to such, for a properly constructed statement its presence is indispensable and irreplaceable. Therefore, for a correctly delivered speech, it is simply necessary to know what pretexts are, how they affect the endings of the words with which they are related, and how to use them correctly. After all, it is this little detail that forms the semantic dependencies and relationships between words. In the humanitarian dictionary, the definition of the preposition of the Russian language sounds like this: it is an immutable part of speech, which is an official word that formalizes the submission of the case form of names to another word expressing the attitude to the subjects regarding their actions.

Main functions

Like all service words, prepositions are not used independently, they are always associated with a noun or another word used as such, which makes it impossible to define this element as part of speech, but they are included in their number. In some cases, it is the preposition that can define the antonymous and synonymous shades and pairs, so it's easy to choose the right combination of words for the statement.

For example: to school - from school; Before the lesson - after the lesson; At a garden - at a garden - near a garden; Because of inattention - because of inattention.

What are the pretexts

All prepositions are divided into temporal, spatial, causal and target. Some of them can be used with nouns in one case, while others are used with words in different cases. For example:

• To a friend, to school - D.P. (to whom? To what?);
• Thanks to a friend, thanks to the school - D.P. (thanks to whom? Thanks to what?);
• At seven o'clock - a military service (what?);
• In the park - PP (in what?).

From the example it is clear that the preposition "c" can be used with words in different cases. Precisely such prepositions as in, about, out, for, through, y, on, without , can have a huge number of meanings. In Russian they are called non-derivative prepositions.

If the preposition is formed from an independent part of speech and is used only with one case, then it is called a derivative. For example:

- around the house, the original form of the preposition is an adverb around;

- within an hour, the original form of the preposition is a noun current, used with the preposition "in";

- thanks to help, the original form of the preposition is the giri .

Structural differences

Along with all the differences, Russian prepositions are also divided according to their structure. Namely:

• Simple, consisting of one word. As a rule, this is one- and two-syllable. Non-derivatives and some derived prepositions: on, in, to, under, over.
• Complex or paired, in fact, are a variety of simple pretexts: from, from under, and others.
• Composite, which are prepositional-case combinations: in the case, along by, in part, in relation, depending on and so on.

Ranks by value

Since the preposition is only a connecting part, it can not have an intrinsic value, but only determines the grammatical relations between nouns used in indirect cases, and in other words. In other words, its lexical meaning depends on the word to which it is attached, but it can convey various circumstantial connotations of the connection of words among themselves.

All prepositions of the Russian language are divided into such categories:

• Spatial or prepositions of the place: from, to, to, from, to, under, from, about, before, around, near. For example: lives in the city; works at a factory; Runs around the house.

• Temporary or pretexts of time: before, through, in, on, to, with, before, during. For example: in half an hour; jogging in the morning; Walk before going to bed.

• Causal: from, to, from evil, to the force, thanks, on the occasion, due, owing to. For example: flushed with shame; Broke a vase from evil; Was mistaken on inattentiveness.

• Prepositions that indicate the goal: for, for, in, to, and others. For example: say for the sake of a joke; Speech on occasion; Go on vacation.

• Objective, determine and indicate to which subject the action is directed: about, about, about, about, about, about, and others. For example: miss your daughter; Learn about the estimates.

• Prepositions indicating the mode of action: c, c, without, from. For example: to play with pleasure; Laughing heartily.

Classification of derived prepositions

Depending on the part of the speech from which the preposition is formed, they are subdivided into such categories. There are many hours in the school curriculum for what pretexts come from other parts of speech, and this is right, because it is very important to know what kind of relationship of words they can form, and how to use them correctly in speech and writing.

• Adverbal prepositions. Formed from adverbs and most often indicate the spatial and temporal relations of words in the sentence. These are pretexts like near, in place, along, around, behind, through, over, among, and others.
• Fond prepositions. The initial form is a noun in any case. As a rule, such prepositions express circumstantial and object relations: owing, like, from the outside, in continuation, in view of, in proportion, in part, in part.
• Verbal prepositions are formed from the forms of verbs, gerunds, and express all sorts of circumstantial relationships: except, thanks, despite, despite, later, and others.

Spelling of prepositions

Knowledge of what kind of pretexts are as important as their spelling. Therefore spelling is one of the main topics of the school curriculum concerning prepositions. The very first rule with which children are acquainted is: "Prepositions with other words are written separately." To correctly determine whether a word is official, a question or an addition can be put between the preposition and the word associated with it.

For example: on (what?) The sea or on the (Black) Sea.

In the senior classes, children are introduced to derived prepositions formed from adverbs. And here the most important thing is to determine whether this part of the sentence is an adverb or it is already an excuse. To do this, you need to determine whether there is a noun in the indirect case and how it relates to the disputed part.

For example: look around (adverb) or look around (excuse).

There is also such a rule: "To make sure that the word in the sentence is a pretext and not another part of speech, it should be replaced with a synonymous preposition. At the same time, the meaning of meaning should not change. " Here is a list of interchangeable auxiliary prepositions:

• In view of (for, for the reason);
• Like (like);
• About (oh, o);
• Consequence (because of).

For example: Due to bad weather, we did not go for a walk. Because of the bad weather, we did not go for a walk.

Notes

Separately, such pretexts are written: during, in continuation, throughout, in conclusion, to avoid, in the case, unlike .

It should also be noted that paired or sentimental pretexts, such as because of, from under, in, over, for, over, are written only through a hyphen.

For example: The sun came out from behind the clouds. A cat jumped out from under the cupboard.

There are also such prepositions, the spelling of which you just need to remember. Namely: near (without a soft sign) and through (with a soft sign).

The use of prepositions with cases

It is very important to know what prepositions are in case, since it is often due to the preposition that it is possible to correctly determine in which case one or another word is used, which is very important for a correct spelling. It should be noted that with the nominative case of nouns, prepositions are not used, only with indirect ones:

• With the genitive case - without, around, for, from, from, y, c;
• With the dative case - to, thanks, according to, contrary, contrary, to meet, to;
• With accusative case - through, about, despite, through, in, on, under, behind;
• With instrumental case - above, before, between, behind, under, with;
• With a prepositional case.

This table of prepositions is composed taking into account derivative and non-derivative prepositions, which in each individual case can be used only with one or several cases of nouns.

Instead of concluding

In fact, it is not so difficult to learn this topic thoroughly in school days, there are very few rules of spelling and the formation of prepositions from other parts of the speech. The main task is to learn to distinguish the preposition from other elements and to know how to use it correctly. This will allow not only competently to arrange the words of the sentence, but also be able to write them down, without confusing the endings.