The basic elements of intonation. What are the suggestions for intonation?

Oral speech is characterized by the presence of a variety of emotionally-intonational shades. With their help, you can add the same meaning to the same expression: surprise, mockery, question, approval and other options. On the letter all this is much more difficult to convey, but it is possible with the help of punctuation marks, which reflect the basic elements of intonation.

The concept of intoning

Oral speech without intonation seems boring, dry and lifeless. Only with the help of voice overflows can any narrative be made lively and expressive. Therefore, intonation is called the rhythmic-melodic side of the process of speaking.

A narrower meaning of intonation implies vibrations of the voice tone, which in general is identified with the melody of oral speech. A wider understanding broadens the notion of melody, supplementing it with pauses, tempo and other components of the speech flow, up to the timbre of the voice and its rhythm. There are less familiar and obvious basic elements of intonation. Stress refers to them as best as possible. In this case, it is not only a verbal, but also a logical version of it. The singling out of one word in the speech stream essentially changes the whole tonality of the sentence.

Melodika as the basis of intonation

To understand what the difference in the semantic load of the same phrase, but in different speech situations, you need to look at its melody. It is with it that the basic elements of intonation begin.

To begin with, note that the melody organizes one phrase together. But it also makes sense distinction. The same statements acquire new shades depending on how the melody manifests itself.

If you slightly raise or lower the tone of the voice during the process of speaking, you can easily change the purpose of the utterance: from message to question, from blame to impulsion to act.

Consider this for a specific example: "Sitting!" Uttered with a sharp and loud intonation, emphasizing the vowel, shows a categorical order. "Side-e-et ?!" - expresses the question and the outrage at the expense of the length of the stressed vowel and the rising intonation at the end of the phrase. Thus, we see that the same word, enriched with different melodies, has a completely different meaning.

Intonation in the syntax

To separate the parts of the sentence, to separate its semantic center, to complete the speech phrase, the person uses different intonational means. Since this is extremely important for such a science as syntax, it most of all studies these tools.

The Russian language has six types of constructions for intonation. The central part of it is a syllable, to which all types of stresses go. Also this center divides the construction into two parts, which are not distinguished in all phrases.

The most common types, and, consequently, suggestions for intonation are narrative, interrogative and exclamation. It is around these intonational models that the basic melodic picture of speech is built.

Offer types

The syntaxists distinguish between sentences for the purpose and intonation. Each of them expresses completely different information and has its own melody.

Narrative sentences calmly, smoothly and without any explicit intonation allocations transmit information. The majority of emotional shades in such proposals are formalized at the lexical level: "At the seashore the oak is green, the golden chain on the oak is ..."

The question is characterized by an ascending-descending intonation, in which, at the beginning of the question, the tone rises substantially, and to its end it goes down: "When did you come here?"

But the exclamation has an even ascending intonation. The tone of the phrase rises gradually, and at its end is the highest tension: "She came!"

We conclude that the intonation, the examples of which we have considered above, serves to express the emotions and attitude of the one who speaks to the content of the information spoken by him.

Other intonation means

If we consider this question in more detail, then there are not only three types of intonation suggestions. Its additional means give an unlimited picture of the emotional-intonational expression.

The voice of a person has different qualities. It can be loud and quiet, hoarse and sonorous, creaking, tense and fluid. All these qualities make speech more melodic and expressive. But they are poorly transmitted on the letter by separate signs.

A strong or weak voice at the moment of speech also significantly changes intonation. Examples of that fright or uncertainty that are expressed very quietly, or anger, which, on the contrary, sounds very loud.

The speed of speech also depends on its intonation picture. The melody of fast speech testifies to the agitated state of the person who speaks. A slow pace is characteristic in a situation of uncertainty or solemnity.

Well, perhaps, the most basic means of intonation are pauses. They are phrase and clock. Served to express emotions and separate the speech stream into completed blocks. In their modality, pauses are complete and incomplete. The first are used in the absolute end of the sentence. In its very middle there is a place for incomplete pauses, which form the end of the tact, but not the entire phrase.

The meaning of the sentence depends on the correct use of the pause. Everyone knows an example: "You can not pardon execution." From the place of a pause, it depends whether the person will survive or not.

Reflection of intonation on a letter

Intonation of the text is more typical for living speech, when a person can control the voice, and with his help change the melody of the utterance. Written speech looks rather dry and uninteresting, if you do not use the means by which the intonation is transmitted. Examples of such signs are known to everyone from school - these are points, dashes, exclamation and question marks, commas.

The end of the thought makes out the point. Sequential unfolding of the phrase is made with commas, indicating the place of pauses. An unfinished, ragged thought is an ellipsis.

But the cause-effect relationship is expressed by means of a dash. Before him in the speech, the intonation always rises, and after - it goes to a decline. The colon, on the contrary, is characterized by the fact that before it the voice subsides a little, and after a pause a new spiral of its development begins with a gradual fading towards the end of the sentence.

The general intonation of the text

With the help of intonation means you can add a general tone to the sound of the text. Romantic stories are always tense and intriguing. They evoke emotions of empathy and sympathy. But strict reports do not respond at all to the emotional level. In them, except pauses, there are no other significant intonational means.

Of course, it can not be said that the overall sound of the text depends entirely on the particular intonational means. But the overall picture is reflected only if some elements of melody are used to reveal the main idea. Without this, the essence of the message can be incomprehensible to people who have read it.

Intonation of different styles of speech

Each style of speech has its own intonation picture. Depending on the purposes of the statement, it can be both maximally developed and versatile, and minimal, without any special emotional overflow.

In this respect, official-business and scientific styles can be called the driest. They talk about specific facts built on dry information.

The most emotional styles can be called conversational and artistic. To convey all the colors of oral speech, the letter uses the basic elements of intonation, and other less popular means. Often, in order for the reader to present the character's speech, the authors resort to a detailed description of the pronunciation process. This is all supplemented by written intonation signs. Therefore, the reader easily in the head reproduces that intonation, which he sees through visual perception.