Vocabulary of limited use: definition, scheme and features

The correct choice of words in spoken and written speech in different situations requires a lot of keenness and a lot of knowledge. Some words are absolutely neutral, and therefore they can be used in any life situation. Others, on the contrary, have a certain emotional coloring, and can both emphasize those feelings that the speaker wants to express, and give out what he would like to hide from others.

There is also a separate category of words related to the so-called lexicon of limited use. From common vocabulary, it may differ, for example, the territory of its distribution or the sphere of professional activity to which it refers, or the social group that uses these expressions. Therefore, it is very important to understand what is common vocabulary, and what words are related to the vocabulary of limited use (the scheme is given below). First of all, it is necessary to understand the division of the vocabulary of the Russian language.

General information

When we talk about the division of the lexical composition of the Russian language into groups, we first of all talk about the vocabulary of the general vocabulary and the vocabulary of the limited sphere of use. The latter, as already mentioned, is divided into dialectisms, professionalisms and jargon, which includes both words used by "declassed elements" and ordinary youth slang, while the former is more monolithic and is divided into only two groups: stylistically neutral vocabulary and emotionally colored . Guided by this classification, you can outline for yourself an approximate framework for the use of certain words.

Vocabulary for general use

This category is the most extensive, which includes the main lexical stock of the Russian language, which in fact represents its lexical core. This part of the vocabulary fund is also called the whole people, since words of general usage are used in the speech and understood by all native speakers of the Russian language or their overwhelming majority. This is a kind of literary language base, the use of which is possible both in oral and in written language. Moreover, it is the vocabulary of general use that is the foundation on which then the elements of the lexicon of limited use are located - terms, slang, professionalism.

Examples include the following words: go, eat, work, read, book, food, water, fruit, animal, winter, spring, summer, word, girl, head and others.

Besides? The vocabulary of general use can be divided into two broad groups: stylistically neutral words and emotionally colored. The latter is more often found in oral speech, a journalistic or artistic text. She makes speech more alive, does not allow her to become like the dry text of a dictionary or encyclopedic article, helps express the speaker's feelings or the author's attitude to what he writes about.

It should also be noted that there is a constant exchange between the commonly used and the vocabulary of the limited sphere of use. Sometimes neutral words turn into the category of jargonzim or professionalism, and, for example, dialect words become the vocabulary of general use.

Vocabulary of limited use: species

This part of the lexical composition of the Russian language includes several groups within which one can also make some separation. The vocabulary of limited use, for example, includes words inherent in some dialects, a special vocabulary that includes terms and professionalisms, any jargon (including slang). In this case, the first and last species are not included in the literary norm of the Russian language and are often used only in oral communication.

Dialectical vocabulary

Language in each separate region of the country has its own specific features: phonetic, grammatical and, of course, lexical. Often it is the lexical features that make it very difficult for visitors to understand the speech of the local population. In general dialect vocabulary can be divided into several groups:

• Phonetic dialectisms;
• Grammatical dialectisms;
• Lexical dialectisms.

Phonetic dialectisms differ from the literary norm only by the pronunciation of words, and therefore do not complicate the understanding of what has been said. As an example - the substitution of the sound "c" for the sound "h" and vice versa in some northwestern dialects: a person, nemchi. Or the softening of the syllable "ka" characteristic of the southern dialects: barrel, Vanka.

Grammatical dialectisms are words used differently than in the standardized version of the language. For example, for the South Russian dialects, it is characteristic to use in the female gender those words that, according to the literary norm, are the words of the middle genus: the entire field, whose meat.

Lexical dialectisms are the most specific, often it is by them that distinguish the dialect of one locality from the dialect of another locality. In the dialect vocabulary, a special group called ethnographies is singled out - words that denote objects and concepts that are characteristic of a particular locality. Such words are often used in fiction, at their expense the artistic text is given special expressiveness, and the speeches of the characters are authenticity, "naturalness".

Special vocabulary

To the words of the vocabulary of limited use apply professionalism, used exclusively in a certain field of activity. Often these words are common words that have acquired additional meaning, understandable to all representatives of a profession. At the same time, some of the professionalism is an unofficial name for an object or process, and the official name will already be a term.

For example, the term used to refer to a metal frozen in a ladle is frozen, but metallurgists themselves call it a "goat". In this case it is the "goat" that will be professionalism.

"Skin" - professionalism, used and outside the professional environment. The corresponding official name will be "sandpaper".

It should be noted that professionalism is less "systemic" - they are born in oral speech, there is a certain amount of time, and then disappear, replaced by new words. But sometimes they become fixed, becoming full-fledged terms. Between professional words and terms there is an exchange, similar to the exchange between general vocabulary and the vocabulary of limited use, - a part of words constantly passes from one group to another.

Subword of special vocabulary - terms

The term - a word denoting a certain object or concept, and as a rule having no additional meaning, unambiguity is an obligatory feature for words of this category, and the terminological "base" of a sphere covers all objects, phenomena and processes that have a place in it . Unlike other words and their meanings, terms are created specifically. Careful work on them implies eliminating the ambiguity of the word and setting a clear framework for its use, its relationship with other terms in this field of activity.

Jargon

Argo, or, as it is also called, jargon - this is the layer of the vocabulary of the Russian language, the use of which is characteristic of certain social groups, these are words that are intelligible only to "their own". Over time, some slang words leak into the vocabulary of general use, becoming words that all native speakers use, regardless of social status and social circle. Examples are the words crook, smart, linden (meaning "fake").

Slang words are also found in fiction, performing about the same role as the dialect vocabulary. Due to them the speech of the fictional characters becomes more natural. In addition, with their help, the author can translate the stylistic idea and the overall design of the work, which justifies the use of "reduced" vocabulary.

For example, in the novel "After the Wedding" Granina in the speech of the main characters, you can find the expression "This is I'm all right", that is, "This I'm just chatting about nothing."

Youth slang

Since the youth is a fairly large social group, its slang should be taken out as a separate item, since it is very extensive, even if we do not touch the slang of various subcultures and currents. Here you can find many examples of "rethinking" the words of common use, that's why "wheelbarrow" becomes synonymous with the word "machine", parents become "ancestors", and about the person who has gone unnoticed say "he faded."

A separate group are the words of student slang. Therefore, for the careless student, the "tails" of unsuccessful examinations are woven, in the student's record there is the nest of "boas" (the assessment is "satisfactory"), and the "late Stepa" or "stikipa" is just a scholarship that comrades can not wait for.

Conclusion

Summarizing, we can say that the lexical stock of the Russian language is incredibly vast and in time only enriched. Moreover, the division of words into any groups is very conditional, because the process of the transition of words from one category to another is continuous and inevitable. It helps to avoid creating rigid frameworks and excessively strict rules for the use of a particular word, leaving the speaker free to choose the means appropriate to the purpose of a particular utterance.