Dialectic words: examples and meaning. What is a dialect word?

The lexical composition of the Russian language is diverse and very interesting. It has many original words, known only to a narrow circle of people. In lexicology, they are called limited in use and isolated in special groups. These include professional, obsolete and dialect words.

The latter can often be heard in rural areas. They exist mainly in lively spoken language and usually reflect the realities existing there. And for the name of the same subject, residents equally can use different options: and "local", commonly used.

Dialect word - what is it?

"There are herrings grazing behind the house." Not many people, after hearing this phrase, will understand what is at stake. It is understandable. Selytkom in the Russian countryside is sometimes called a foal.

Dialecticisms are words that are actively used by residents of a certain locality and do not belong to any of the lexical groups of the literary language. Their distribution can be limited to a few towns or a whole region.

Interest in the "local" word in Russia arose in the 18th century. Since then, leading linguists and linguists, including V. Dal, A. Potebnya, A. Shakhmatov, S. Vygotsky and others, have done a great job in this direction. They considered various variants and examples of the use of the word dialect. In the literature both domestic and foreign this word today intersects with such concepts as linguistic geography (features of vocabulary in different territories), social dialectology (age, profession, social position of native dialects are taken into account).

Groups of dialects in Russian

In Russia, there are several variants of dialects. The basic principle of combining dialect words into groups is territorial. In accordance with it, the southern and northern dialects are distinguished, which, in turn, include several dialects. Between them are Central Russian dialects, which became the basis for the formation of the modern Russian language and therefore most closely approximated to the literary norm.

Each group has its own dialect words. Examples of their relationships (including common ones): home - hut (north) - hut (south); Speak - bait (north) - gutarit (south).

Formation of dialect words

Each dialect, as a rule, has its own distinctive features. In addition, it is customary in science to single out several groups, which include dialectal words that are different in form of education (examples are given in comparison with the norm).

1. Actually lexical. They either do not have any connection with the words in the literary language (for example, the protein in the Pskov region is a vecher, the basket in the Voronezh region is a sapetka), or they are formed from the existing root and retain its basic meaning (in the Smolensk region: to bathe is to steam).
2. Lexical and word-building. They differ from common words with only one affix: the poor man - on Don the trouble, the talkative - in Ryazan, talkative, etc.
3. Phonemic. The difference from the existing literary norm is in one phoneme (sound): anduk instead of turkey, pahmurny - i.e. Cloudy.
4. Osemantic. Completely identical to common words on sounding, writing and form, but differ in lexical meaning: running in the Smolensk region - nimble, noodles in the Ryazan region - the name of chicken pox.

Detailing life through dialect words

Many areas have their own peculiarities of everyday life, manners, relations between people, which are most often expressed in speech. To recreate the full picture of life in such cases can be through dialect words. Examples of words that highlight individual details in the general way of everyday life:

• Ways of laying sheaves of hay or straw (common name - baburka) in the Pskov region: malyanka - small stowage, large-sized otonek;
• The name of the colt in the Yaroslavl region: up to 1 year - a sucker, from 1 to 2 years - a snowdrop, from 2 to 3 years - a tuft.

The designation of ethnographic or geographical features

Another option - when dialect words (examples and meaning of them always cause interest in "outsiders") help to understand the very structure of life. So, in the north it is customary to build a house and build all the outbuildings under one roof. Hence a large number of "local" words denoting different parts of the same building: the bridge - the porch and the porch, the cottage - the living room, the ceiling - the attic, the tower - the living room in the attic, the sowing - the hayloft, the fat - the place in the cattle barn.

In the Meshchersky Region, the main economic sector is forestry. A large group of names is associated with it, which is formed by dialect words. Examples of words: sawdust - sawdust, needles - needles, cut down places in the forest - cutting, a person engaged in stump cutting, - peneshnik.

The use of dialect words in fiction

Writers, working on the work, use all available means to recreate the appropriate atmosphere and reveal the characters' images. Dialect words play an important role in this. Examples of their use can be found in the works of A. Pushkin, I. Turgenev, S. Yesenin, M. Sholokhov, F. Abramov, V. Rasputin, V. Astafiev, M. Prishvin and many others. More often dialect words are addressed by writers whose childhood passed in the village. As a rule, authors themselves give footnotes containing the interpretation of words and the place of their use.

The function of dialectisms in a work of art can be different. But in any case they give the text uniqueness and help to realize the author's idea.

For example, S. Yesenin is a poet, for whom the Ryazan dialect words are the main means of recreating rural life. Examples of their use: "in old-fashioned old shishun" - the look of women's clothing, "at the threshold in the keg's maid" - a wooden kettle for dough.

V. Korolenko uses local words when creating a landscape sketch: "I look ... at the entrance" - the gorge. Or I. Turgenev: "the last ... area (large thickets of bushes) will disappear."

The so-called "village" writers are one of the ways to create a literary image - the speech of the hero, which includes dialect words. Examples: "take (God) you helped (helped)" by V. Astafyev, "they (they) ... the earth will be worn out (spoil)" - in V.Rasputin.

The meaning of dialect words can be found in the dictionary: in the explanatory they will have a mark of obl. - Regional or Dial. - dialect. The largest special vocabulary is the Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects.

The entry of dialectisms into the literary language

Sometimes it turns out that the word, once used by only a certain group of people, goes into the category of commonly used ones. This is a long process, especially in the case of "local" words, but it also takes place in our time.

So, it will not come to anyone's mind that the well-known word "rustle" by origin is dialectal. This marks the mark of IS Turgenev in the "Notes of the Hunter": "reeds rustled, as they say", i.e. In the Orel province. The writer's word is used for the first time as onomatopoeia.

Or no less common - a tyrant, which in the days of A. Ostrovsky was dialectal in the Pskov and Tver provinces. Thanks to the playwright, it has acquired a second birth and today no one has any questions.

These are not isolated examples. On dialect words used to be like an eagle owl, a toy, a tack.

The fate of dialectal words in our time

In connection with the increase in recent years, migration processes within the country, the dialects are now spoken mainly by the older generation. The reason is simple - their language was formed in those conditions when the integrity of the people in certain regions of Russia was strong. The greater is the work of people who study dialect words, which today become one of the ways to study the ethnographic and cultural development, the identity of the Russian people, emphasize its individuality and uniqueness. For the modern generation it is a living memory of the past.