Sports facility: types and standards for safety. Classification of sports facilities

The first sports facility appeared in ancient times. According to archaeologists, people started building such objects long before the onset of our era. A higher degree of development of the construction of facilities for sporting competitions was received in Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece. The grandiose nature of such construction and the appropriateness of the erected engineering structures are indicated by their partially preserved ruins. Such a sports facility could accommodate tens of thousands of people.

The current stage of development

Up to the beginning of the 20th century there was a long stagnation in the construction of sports facilities. Only a little over a hundred years ago this break was replaced by a stormy interest in such objects. It was caused by an increase in the number of people engaged in mental work and wanting to compensate for their low mobility.

This sports facility, like the stadium, was first built in 1903 in the United States. And already in the next ten years in this country completed the construction of five more such facilities. Since 1920, until 1926, the number of stadiums in the United States has increased fivefold.

The beginning of the rapid construction of sports facilities was made after the resumption of the tradition of the Olympic Games. From 1896 to the present time they were held 22 times. At the same time, new sports facilities were built for each Olympiad. And this is not surprising. The fact is that such games have always been an event of great cultural and social significance.

The largest sports facilities of our time

The most noticeable pages in the development of such structures began in the postwar years. It was a period when in Rome there were such complexes as Palazzo and Palazzetto del. At the same time, a sports facility was built in Tokyo, like Koma Zava. In Mexico City, a unique University stadium was built. Here was built and a huge Sports Palace. A major event in the social and cultural life of the planet was the discovery of such objects:

- the Munich sports complex "Oberwiesenfil";
- Montreal track and Olympic stadium;
- the Moscow Central Stadium named after Lenin;
- Leningrad Stadium. Kirov;
- Kyiv's NSC Olimpiyskiy;
Yerevan Hrazdan Stadium, etc.

The most interesting are the Moscow sports facilities built for the XXII Olympic Games. There are among them the largest in Europe. For example, the stadium "Olympic". A unique structure is considered to be under the canopy track in Krylatskoe, as well as a nearby rowing channel.

Classification

There are different types of sports facilities. First of all, they are divided into main, auxiliary and premises for placing equipment and spectators.
The main part of any sports facility is the main object. Its purpose is to organize the competitions, as well as the training process. According to certain building rules, such sports facilities are erected. Norms developed and approved at the legislative level regulate the size of the facilities, the use of certain materials for coatings, etc. In addition, according to the rules of the competition, such facilities must have adequate equipment and inventory, tags, etc. The main objects , In turn, are divided into open, not having a canopy, and covered.

In the auxiliary rooms there is a service staff. Its task is to maintain and maintain the entire sports facility.

In the areas for visitors there are devices for spectators. Such facilities are located in close proximity to the main zone and premises for staff.

Athletic sports facilities are classified and for their functional purpose. In this case, the assignment of objects to a certain group depends on whether they were erected for the competition for which sport. However, both open sports facilities and those under the canopy can have different purposes. In them competitions can be held not only one, but also several sports. In the latter case, such objects are considered universal. They either consist of several separate buildings located on the same territory, or they have the possibility of transforming the equipment.

The principle of accommodation

According to the existing building codes and regulations, any sports facility should be an element of the general system of domestic and cultural services for residents of the locality. And there is also a certain classification of such objects. They are divided into:
- microdistrict;
- inter-district;
- district;
- city-wide.

Mikrorayonnye objects

Within the residential complexes, flat sport facilities are erected. They are designed by complexes designed for different age categories, and placed in walking distance in the range of 50 to 500 meters.

According to existing regulations, there are nine square meters of playgrounds, bicycle lanes, and exercise areas for every thousand of the population of the neighborhood.

Objects for several residential complexes

Inter-district buildings are sports centers or park areas. They are designed in twenty-minute transport accessibility. The area of such territories is 0.14 hectares for every one thousand inhabitants. The structure of these facilities can include playgrounds and football fields, outdoor swimming pools and gyms.

District facilities are designed at the rate of 0.18 hectares for every thousand people. As a rule, they are combined with physical culture and sports centers of microdistricts. As a part of such complexes provide numerous playgrounds, as well as a swimming pool and gyms.

Objects of urban importance

What facilities will be built on the territory of a given locality depends on the number of its inhabitants. If the city is small (up to 500 thousand people), sports facilities of urban importance should be combined with district and inter-district ones. With a larger number of residents, separate structures are being designed. The city sports centers are located in a thirty-minute drive by transport. The area of such objects for each one thousand inhabitants is assumed equal to 0.11 hectares.

Planar structures

Among this type of sports facilities are fields and playgrounds, cross-country or ski tracks. All of them are designed for competitions and outdoor activities.

The most common planar sports facilities are playing fields, surrounded by track and field athletics tracks and places for jumping. Certain requirements for sports facilities of this type provide for the gardening of a nearby area. As a rule, these are protective belts of plantations, located along the perimeter of these objects. The width of such green areas should be at least ten meters.

All the playing fields located on the territory of the planar structures are grouped according to the sports. At the same time, they must have dimensions and all necessary structures, equipment, as well as sufficient lighting.

For an active lifestyle

To date, an increasing number of people spend their time at sports venues. The main goal of their studies is to improve their own well-being. In this regard, such facilities as sports and recreation facilities, play an important role in the life of each locality. They do not serve for professional purposes. They are visited for health improvement and maintenance of form. To such facilities, except for all the above, include saunas and baths, massage rooms, mud and hydropathic institutions. Very popular today are types of health-improving sports activities, like aerobic gymnastics, fitness and athletics. For them, small areas, well-heated rooms with intensive artificial and natural lighting are allocated. As the equipment a complex of gymnastic and athletic shells is used.

Sanitary and hygienic requirements for indoor facilities

After the building is handed over by the builders for further operation, the facility is taken by employees of the SES. After all, from the sanitary state of these places depends the effect of the training conducted, as well as the health of people involved.

Special requirements are imposed on the interior decoration of indoor facilities. In them, all walls and ceilings should have a flat surface, without any moldings, protrusions, easy to wash. In order to ensure the safety of sports facilities, the radiators located in them are located only in niches and covered with protective grids. To avoid the risk of injury, the casing of the doorways should not be protruding.
When designing sports facilities, it is necessary to take into account the color of the walls of the premises. He must have a certain degree of reflection and favorably influence the psychophysical functions of man.

Sex or athletic tracks of sports facilities should not have protrusions and potholes. The material for their coating must be used a little elastic and well-washable.

In the halls of indoor facilities, the optimum temperature and humidity regime should be maintained. This is an important condition for maintaining the health of people in them. At a certain level, there must be a speed of air movement. Its value is not more than 0.5 meters per second. It is desirable that all gyms have natural lighting. In the dark at night in such rooms should include lights reflected or scattered light. In order to take the necessary security measures, the medical center of sports facilities is located in the immediate vicinity of the hall.

A number of hygiene requirements are shown for equipment and inventory for training and competitions. It should be made of good quality material, be in good order and comply with existing standards in weight and shape.

Sanitary and hygienic requirements for open structures

Planar sports facilities should be arranged using a special coating. This should be a smooth non-slip surface that does not contain mechanical inclusions that can lead to injuries.
Certain requirements are imposed on the grass cover of such structures. Green lawn should be thick, low, frost-resistant and resistant not only to frequent haircut, but also to trampling.

When adjusting the cover, slopes should be provided that divert surface water. In addition, according to hygienic requirements, the installation of drinking fountains and toilets is necessary on the territory of the buildings. All sites must have artificial lighting.

Sports management

The system of social and economic sphere of our country has undergone drastic changes in connection with the transition to market conditions. This factor also influenced the management of sports facilities. To date, organizations of the physical culture and health profile for their further development should create a management system that will allow them to have a stable position in the market. Of course, that independence, which is given to sports organizations, has led to the complication of their management and the increase in the amount of work performed by management personnel. The officials of the sports facility are tasked with:

- ensuring the free access of citizens to sports and physical culture;
- fulfillment of all regulatory requirements for taking the necessary measures for the safety of the health and life of the trainees;
- implementation of assistance to the development of sport;
- conducting business activity.