Installation "Beech": photo, range. Tactical and technical characteristics of Buk

Today we will talk about such weapons as the Buk missile systems. This article has nothing to do with politics, so we will consider the purely technical side of the issue. Let's try to understand a little what this self-propelled army missile anti-aircraft system is, we will get acquainted with its tactical and technical characteristics, range of fire, in short, with all its abilities. So, before us is the "Beech" installation.

The beginning of history

First you need to determine the purpose of this installation. It consists in the destruction of aerodynamic targets flying at medium, as well as low altitudes with a speed of up to 830 m / sec, maneuvering with 12-unit overloads and at a range of up to 30 kilometers. In accordance with the well-known Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU of January 13, 1972, and began its development. The team of developers and manufacturers involved earlier in the creation of the SAM "Cube" engaged in this. Together with this, they designated the development of the M-22 complex, called the Hurricane, for the Navy using a rocket fully compatible with Buk.

Developers

As developers, the scientific research institute of instrument making, as well as the scientific and design association named "Phazotron" were defined. Rastov AA was appointed chief designer of this complex. The starting-charging unit was created in the Machine-building Design Bureau "Start", where the head was Yaskin AI. The caterpillar chassis unified for the machines of the complex was developed by the Mytishchi Machine Building Plant, which was headed by Astrov N. A. The missiles 9M38 were commissioned to develop the Sverdlovsk ICB Novator. The detection station and, of course, the target designation "Dome" was created at the Research Institute of Measuring and Precision Instruments of the Ministry of Radio Industry. In order for the Beech unit to function fully, a set of maintenance and technical equipment was developed on the automobile chassis. Completion of the preparatory phase was planned for the second quarter of 1975.

Changing plans

Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the CPSU Central Committee of May 22, 1974, in view of the need to speed up the air defense of tank divisions with the building of regiments "Cube", which are included in these divisions, it is prescribed to create the "Buk" complex in two stages. First and foremost, it was necessary to quickly develop a guided anti-aircraft missile and a self-propelled self-propelled installation of a complex that could fire missiles 9M38, as well as 3M9M3 of the already existing Kub-M3 complex. Then, on this basis, they were to create the "Buk" - a missile complex of a new generation. And in September 1974 to ensure his participation in joint trials. But, regardless of this, the previously set deadlines should be fully respected.

Self-propelled gun 9А38

It was mounted on the chassis of the GM-569, and it combined the functions of the self-propelled PU and SURN in one installation, which were used in the "Cube-M3". The 9A38 setup provided a high-quality search in the specified sector, performed detection and subsequent capture of targets for automatic tracking. She also solved the problems before the launch, launch and homing of three missiles that were located on it, and the other three 3M9M3-guided missiles from the conjugated PU 2P25M3. The fire installation could work both from SURN and autonomously. Its weight is 34 tons. There was an air defense system "Buk" from: radar 9c35; A digital computing system; Optic television sighting; Starting devices with power follower; Radar terrestrial interrogator that works in the "Password" system; Equipment with SPU and SURN; Gas turbine generator; Orientation instruments, topographic binding and navigation; Life support systems.

Functions of radar station 9С35

By the time described, considerable progress was made in the creation of quartz and electromechanical filters, microwave devices, digital computers, which enabled the 9C35 radar station, part of the Buk complex, to combine the functions of the illumination, detection and tracking stations. It used two transmitters - pulsed and continuous radiation, it itself operated in a centimeter wavelength range. One transmitter detected and accompanied the targets, the other - highlighted targets and guided anti-aircraft missiles. The antenna system searched the sectors, the electromechanical method was used to process the signals received by the central computer. The transition time of 9S35, part of the Buk missile system, was less than twenty seconds from the standby mode in combat mode. The speed of targets was determined with an accuracy of +10 to -20 m / s, which ensured their choice in a moving state. Possible errors: the mean square when measuring the angular coordinates was 0.5 dp, the maximum range is 175 m. The station was protected from all active, combined and passive interference.

Anti-aircraft missile 9M38

In this rocket, which is part of the Buk SAM, a solid-fuel dual-mode engine was used. Because of the complexity of the work, they refused to use a straight-line system. In addition, he had great resistance on some, mostly passive, sections of the trajectory and was unstable in his work at a large angle of attack. For these reasons, the time frame for the creation of the SAM "Cube" was disrupted. The rocket's scheme was normal, standard, X-shaped, having a wing of small elongation. At first glance, its appearance resembled the anti-aircraft missiles of the ship families "Tartar" and "Standard" produced by the USA, which fully corresponded to the size restrictions for the Soviet Navy. In the front part of the 9M38 were placed autopilot equipment, semi-active GMN, combat unit and power. The rocket had no parts that separate in flight, its length is 5.5 meters, diameter is 400 millimeters, the steering range is 860 millimeters. It was equipped with a homing head that had a combined control system, using proportional navigation. "Buk" - a missile system with such a missile - could hit targets flying at altitudes from 25 meters to 20,000 and a range of three and a half to 32 kilometers, its speed is 1000 meters per second. The rocket had a weight of 685 kg, including 70 kg of the warhead.

Testing of the "Beech"

The "Buk" installation from August 1975 to the end of October of the following year, in 1976, passed state tests. Supervised by them Bimbash PS, and they were conducted on the territory of the Embensky testing ground. As you can see, the "Buk" installation (its photo is presented in the review) consisted of: SORN 1S91M3, fire unit 9A38, anti-aircraft guided missiles 3M9M3 and 9M38, self-propelled PU 2P25M3, as well as maintenance vehicles. As a result, some amendments were made: the range of detection of helicopters was 21-35 kilometers at low altitudes, aircraft - 32-41 km. The launch time of the missile from the moment of detection of the target was 24-27 seconds. Charging time, as well as discharging - nine minutes. The defeat of the aircraft with a 9M38 missile was ensured: at a range of 3.5-20.5 km - at a flight altitude of more than 3000 meters, 5-15.5 km - at a height of 30 meters. The zone of defeat by the exchange rate parameter was 18.5 km, in height - from 30 m to 14.5 km. The probability of fire damage is 0.70-0.93 when one missile is launched. In 1978, the installation of "Buk-1" ("Cube-M4") was adopted.

Characteristics of "Buka", command post

At the moment we have learned a lot of details about the weapons we are considering. It's time to group the most basic in one place. So, before us is the complex "Beech". The characteristics of his combat means are as follows. 9S470 - the command post installed on the GM-579 - provided the display, reception and processing of all data coming from the target designation and detection station, as well as six 9A310 - self-propelled guns. He provided the selection of the necessary dangerous targets and their correct distribution in manual and automatic modes between self-propelled guns, carried out assignments to them of responsible sectors and many other important activities. Complex "Beech", thanks to the CP, works normally when using missiles against radar and in case of interference. The command post can handle 46 targets at an altitude of up to 20,000 meters in a zone having a radius of 100,000 meters. Up to six target designations were provided for one cycle of the station survey. 28 tons - weight of the CP, considering the combat calculation of six people.

Station targeting and detection "Dome"

We continue the conversation about what the "Beech" installation is. The characteristics of "Domes" - the next stage of its consideration. This station has an electron beam scan on the elevation angle in the 30-40 degree sector with a mechanical rotation of the antenna along a given azimuth. Destination 9С18 - detection and identification of targets in the air at an altitude of 30 meters to 45.5 kilometers, at a range of up to 120 kilometers. Then the information about the situation in the air is transmitted to the CP 9S470. Depending on the installed sector and the presence of interference, the speed of review is 5-18 seconds with a circular view and 2.5-4.5 seconds when viewing the sector at 30 degrees. Transmitted information received on the telecode line during the review period, amounting to 4.5 seconds, in a volume of 75 marks. It was developed and protection from impact, response, non-synchronous impulse noise. Also, regardless of the presence of obstructing noise interference, it was possible to detect a fighter at an altitude of 5,000 meters. "Dome", which is part of the Buk antiaircraft complex, in turn, consisted of a turning device, an antenna post, an antenna tracking device, a receiving device, a transmitting device and other systems. In the fighting position the station moved for five minutes from the march position, from the duty officer - for 20 seconds.

The differences between the 9A310 and 9A38

The first installation from the second ("Buk-1") differed in that it was connected via a telecode line not with self-propelled PU 2P25M3 and with SURN 1S91M3, but with ROM 9A39 and command point 9C470. Also, the 9A310 had four 9M38 guided anti-aircraft missiles on its launcher, not three. It was charged in 12 and a half minutes from ROM and 16 minutes from the transport supply vehicle. The mass is 32.4 tons, including four men of combat calculation. The width of the self-propelled gun is 3.25 meters, its length is 9.3 meters, its height is 3.8 meters. Let's see what the "Buk" complex consists of. The photo will help us as always.

9A39 - start-up device

This ROM was installed on the chassis of the GM-577. Its purpose is to store and transport guided anti-aircraft missiles - eight pieces, four of which were on fixed lodgmentals, four - on the launch device. It was also intended for launching four guided missiles, further self-loading from lodgements, and then self-loading with eight missiles from a transport vehicle. Thus, the "Beech" is a missile complex that combined in one ROM the functions of the self-propelled PU of the earlier complex "Cube" and TZM. It included: starting device with tracking power drive, lodgements, crane, digital computer, telecode communication equipment, navigation, topography binding, power supply and power supply units. The weight of the installation is 35.5 tons, including calculation of three people, dimensions: width - 3,316 meters, length - 9,96 meters, and height - 3,8 meters.

Opportunities of Buk missile defense system

This complex had higher combat, external and operational characteristics compared to the "Cub-M4" and "Cube-M3" complexes. Even if you just look at what the "Beech" installation is, a photo of her arms, then any person will understand all its power, which provided:

1. Good reliability of target detection due to the fact that a joint survey of the surrounding space is organized by six self-propelled guns and a target designation and detection station.
2. Simultaneous, up to six targets, firing at the division, and, if necessary, and with the independent use of self-propelled guns - performing up to six independent combat missions.
3. Strong protection against interference due to the use of an on-board calculator of a self-guided head and a special type of illumination signal.
4. Due to the increased power of the ZUR (its warhead) - a very high efficiency of defeating flying targets.

Conclusion

Based on the results of the simulation and tests, it was determined that the range of the Beech installation was from 3 to 25 kilometers at a height of up to 18 kilometers and a speed of up to 800 m / s. In this case, a qualitative firing of targets that were not maneuvered. The probability of defeat was 0.7-0.8 when one guided missile was fired and the course parameter was 18 km. If the target is maneuvering, the probability of defeat is 0.6. The Buk complex was introduced to the armament of the air defense forces in 1980. Since that time, several times it was modernized in order to improve combat capabilities and security.