How to make a word-building analysis of a word in Russian

Word formation is an integral part of the language. Without it, there would be no new words, professional jargons, names of new inventions, and much more. Without the word-formation, modern language would not be so rich and convenient for communication, many words would not go into oblivion, would not become historicisms. Thanks to this process, our everyday speech is complicated and improved. That is why it is necessary to know the laws of word formation and to be able to make a word-formation analysis of a word.

A bit of theory

Word formation (derivation) is the process of creating new, often more complex words from simpler ones. This process is an integral part of science such as linguistics. In the word formation section, words are divided into primary (from which a new word is obtained) and derivatives (which are obtained by word formation). Word formation is a complex process, and that's why there are several methods for it. We will talk about them (or some of them) in this article, and in the end we will learn how to make a word-formation analysis of the word and much more. In addition, we learn much more than what we were told at school, at Russian language lessons. And, maybe, you can explain to the child what the teacher could not explain intelligibly.

Addition of two bases

In the modern world, because of the abundance of words and their specifications, this method of word formation is increasingly used, as the addition of two bases. Most often, this addition occurs as follows: for two words, for example, "water" and "hold," the root is allocated. It turns out: "water" and "wire". These roots are connected by means of a connecting vowel "o". It turns out a new word: "water pipe", meaning a system of structures, often located under the ground, delivering water from the place of "extraction" to the places of its consumption. This is one of the simplest methods of word formation.

Adding a stem and a word

Of course, there are ways and more difficult than the first. Suppose the addition of the foundations and the whole word. Let's take the word "hydroelectric plant" and break it into the basics. "Hydra", "electr" and "station". As you can see, the vowels "o" are connecting, from the word "electricity" only the root "electr" (from "electron") was taken. But the word "station" remained fully to live in this derivative. Thus, with the help of the word-formative analysis of a word, one can determine the method of its formation.

Abbreviation

Often we use abbreviations in our speech, not whole words. For example, the name of organizations, educational institutions and even countries. For example, "Moscow State University" - Moscow State University. This method is called a letter abbreviation, that is, when pronouncing an abbreviation, we are obliged to pronounce the letters of the word. However, there is also a sound abbreviation, for example, "NATO", "UN" and "high school". With this abbreviation, we pronounce sounds, not letters. The creation of abbreviations also helps in the derivational analysis of the word.

Substantivization

It is not necessary to be afraid of this term, after all, only such a property of words as the transition from one part of speech to another is called substantiation. For example, "ice cream" (as a noun and as an adjective), "output" (the same thing), "dental", "roast", etc. It should be noted that in Russian the transition is usually made just between nouns and adjectives . Of course, the morphemic and word-forming analysis of a word that has passed from one part of speech to another will change.

Prefixal

This method we already know from school. "I ran - ran", "I walked away," "road - roadside," etc. Everything is simple and understandable here. A prefix with the meaning of approximation, incompleteness of actions, proximity to an object, etc. is added to the basis of the word. Adjectives (unfortunate - participial) and pronouns (nowhere - where) are often prefixed.

Suffix

Usually these two ways of word formation are studied in parallel. Often in this way, nouns (from verbs) and such parts of speech as participles and gerunds are formed. For example: "position - put" and "running - run." Here, in order not to be confused, one can learn the suffixes of different parts of speech. This will help you to make a word-formation analysis of the word and parse the composition much faster and easier. For example, the word-building analysis of the word "pocket" will be as follows: "pocket-pocket" (using the adjective suffix -n-).

Bordered-suffix

One of the most complex ways of word formation. After all, we need to look not only at the derived word, but also on the lexical meaning of each of its morphemes. For example, the word "Pomorye" is derived from the word "sea". But the "seaside" is formed from the "sea", and already it is from the "sea". This is such a complex word-building chain. But to understand it is quite simple: if a word without a prefix or a suffix is not separately used, then the method of education is prefix-suffix. If the word can safely exist without a prefix, but with a suffix, then the method is prefix. If a word is used without a suffix, but with a prefix, then the method is suffix. This is all that you need to remember and understand.

Non-suffix

Let's talk about such a way of word-formation as non-suffix. In this way, many names of nouns are formed in the Russian language. Of course, they are formed from verbs. How? We take the verb "pour" and remove the ending "ti" and the suffix of the verb "a". We will have the name of a feminine noun, the third declension of a "mound." That is, a non-suffix way of education is the way in which the verb is cut off by the ending and the suffix, and the result is a noun. So formed nouns: "tan" and "glade". But in this way nouns can also be formed from adjectives, for example: "depth", "silence", "intellectual", etc.

Truncating the root

Here, too, everything is clear. "Dance + floor = dance floor". That is, in this way the word is cut off to the bare stone - the root - and in this form lives. Nothing unusual, complicated or specific. Often this method is used to create slang words: "teacher - teacher", "doctor - doc", etc. This is perhaps the easiest way to bring into the world new words.

How to make a word-formation analysis of a word?

After we disassembled the basic ways of word formation in Russian (and those that we described are, in fact, only basic, and not all methods), we need to understand how to do the word-building analysis of the word. This and do. In order for everything to be clearer, as an example, we make a word-building analysis of the word "melt". All data about this word will be placed in the brackets of each paragraph.

Step-by-step plan for derivational analysis

1. So, to start parsing, determine the part of speech (in our case it is a verb).
2. We analyze the word by its composition, that is , we divide it into morphemes. ("Races" - prefix, "tap" - root, "l" - verb suffix, "willow" - suffix, "ti" - ending).
3. Now we look, whether the word can exist without a prefix (in our case it turns out the non-existent word "to fuse").
4. We determine the mode of education (we have the prefix-suffix).
5. We form the word-forming chain, that is, from what word is formed. This should be the word that was left after the separation of prefixes, suffixes, etc. ("melt - drown").

So, on a simple example, it's easy and simple to understand how to do a word-building analysis. The main thing is to know all the ways of word formation. But on this our written lesson is not finished.

What kind of mistakes can be avoided by making a word-formation analysis of the word by composition?

The word-building analysis will help you to understand what part of speech is before you, and not make a mistake by inattention. For example, everyone knows the rule that in the suffixes -an- and -yah- the adjectives write one letter -n-, and the full passive participles, formed from the verb of the perfect species, are written with two letters -nn-. If you have composed a word-building chain, then you will immediately understand what kind of speech is in front of you, and you will not make a foolish mistake.

Strangely enough, word formation is closely related to punctuation. This again applies to adjectives, participial and adverbial movements. After all, the penultimate ones are separated by commas, if they stand after the word being defined, and the last ones always.

The word-building chain will help you determine the meaning of the word, and this, in turn, will allow it to be woven into a literate, stylistically neutral design, organically fit into the text and skillfully beat the word. This will help you a lot when making speeches for public speaking and beautiful, confident speech in everyday life. After all, each morpheme has its own semantic load, which it carries. And forget about this important role of consoles and suffixes in no way.

Interesting facts about word formation

There is a word that needs to be spoken for three and a half hours! And in order to write it, you need one hundred and eighty-nine thousand eight hundred and nineteen characters of the alphabet (letters). This is the name of one of the proteins of titanium. The simplified name of this protein is read relatively simply and quickly: connectin.

English is officially recognized as the richest language in the world. There are four hundred and ninety thousand words in it and three hundred thousand more professional and technical terms. This is several times greater than in any other language of the world. Learn to form new words from the English, ladies and gentlemen!

There are aspect dictionaries that reflect the morphemic composition of the word, all sorts of particular signs of the word, including its derivational production. That would be all such a dictionary! Then there would be no problems with writing words and getting ratings no one had.

And in conclusion I would like to say ...

As you can see, word formation is the most important section of the Russian language, ignorance of which can lead to elementary and even ridiculous mistakes from the spelling, punctuation, lexicon and even stylistics.

Learn and love your native language! Do not make stupid mistakes!