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Word formation: examples and ways

The formation of new words is a very important process. He says that the language does not stand still, it develops, is in motion. The process of the formation of a word by a particle of the language is very long, because the carriers must get used to it. New words are called neologisms. And the science that studies the ways of their appearance is a word-formation.

Word formation as a language section

Any word has significant parts, morphemes. This applies not only to Russian, but also all other languages. Significant these parts are called because they participate in the formation of new words, they do not change when declension or conjugation. Such morphemes are prefix, suffix and stem. Hence - and the ways of word-formation of words: prefix and suffix.

Also, in the appearance of new words, the basis also participates. Usually, it is responsible for the formation of complex words, because the basics, interacting with each other, add up.

It is worth noting that sometimes it is difficult to trace what was the source of this or that word. In this case, the word-building dictionary will help. It is in every language. You can also look into the etymological, because often morphemes, with the help of which the word was once formed, grow together with the root.

For example, the word memory . In the process of historical development, this word lost the prefix pa- , with the help of which it happened. At the present time in morphemic analysis we distinguish only the root, the foundation and the ending in this word.

Formation of words with suffixes

Suffixes actively participate in the appearance of new words. They can both be added to the basis from which they originate (the suffixal method), and be truncated (an insensitive, non-suffix method). Consider examples of suffixal word formation.

We will observe how the noun nebula was formed. To this end, we will analyze the word-forming chain: First, from the word fog , an adjective foggy formed with the suffix -n- (suffixal method); then, using the suffix -ost-, the word nebula was also formed in the suffix way.

Let us analyze this word formation. Examples (briefly): white - protein (base bel - and suffix - ok -); Load - loader (the basis of the cargo - and the suffix - chic -); Earth - earth (the basis of the earth - and the suffix - yang -).

Now we will observe how the words are formed in a non-letter way. We note at once that this phenomenon occurs less frequently in Russian than the addition of a suffix. Thus, only nouns are formed. This method consists in the following: the suffix is cut off from the producing base.

Consider the example: from the adjective deep, by cutting off the suffix, a noun appeared. We are talking about the non-fax method, because the basis of the adjective has changed, it has been truncated.

More examples: silence - quiet (from the basis of silence - the suffix was cut off); Move - the transition (from the base switch off the suffix - and -); Run - running (from the base of the run - the suffix -a was cut off).

Word formation with consoles

Another very popular method is prefixation, or prefix. It consists in the fact that the prefix is attached to the basis of the original word. It should be remembered that when using this method, the derivative and the producing word are one and the same part of the speech.

Consider how word formation occurs. Examples are: The word-formation chain station - station - station . From the word station formed the word train station in a suffix way (the suffix -n- took part), then with the help of a prefix the word came to the front of the station . Be sure to pay attention to the fact that the words station and station - adjectives.

Another word-building chain: blue - blue - turn blue . Here, from the stem of the word blue , the verb " blue" was formed in a suffix way, and from it the prefix - the verb to turn blue .

The same words were formed: verbs to walk - to leave (the prefix y-); Verbs write - rewrite (prefix); Adjectives fashionable - superfashionable (attachment super-); Nouns grandmother - great-grandmother (prefix); Adverbs left-to-left (prefix on); Pronouns who - some (prefix)

The prefix-suffix method

There are often cases when both the suffix and the prefix are involved in the formation of a new word. This is the prefix-suffix word formation. Examples will be shown below.

Let's analyze the word-forming chain: the earth -to land . The derivative word was formed with the help of a prefix with - and a suffix - and -, attached simultaneously. Thus, we observe the prefix-suffix method.

Often words formed in this way arise from the combination of a noun with a preposition. For example: the district - beyond the river ; Desktop - on the table ; Poderezozovik - under the birch . Thus, the pretexts used once became prefixes.

Formation of complex words

In the emergence of new words, the base can be used. Thus, complex words arise or are complicated. Let us analyze these ways of word formation with examples.

Addition method

In it can participate as completely words, and the basis or some part of it. The words sofa bed, booster rocker, table-book are formed in this way.

Also, addition of the bases can take place with the help of connecting vowels. There are two of them in Russian: o, e. So there were such words as forest-steppe, lunokhod, reinforced concrete.

Another way of adding up - joining the full base to the truncated: half a penny, a hike, a wall newspaper.

A new word can appear from a word combination, a composition or subordination: meat-and-milk (meat and milk-compose), German-Russian (German and Russian-compositional); Agricultural (agriculture - subordinate), left-bank (the left bank - subordinate). If there is a writing connection between words - they are written through a hyphen, and if the subordinate - it is necessary to write together.

These are examples of word formation in the Russian language of complex words.

Difficult words

The youngest way of Russian word-building is complex words. They appear by adding syllables or the initial letters of a word. Let us analyze these ways of word formation with examples.

If the word has arisen when the initial letters are combined, then it is called an abbreviation, and the method is an abbreviation. The computer (electronic computer), the Theater of Young Spectators (the theater of the young spectator), the nuclear power plant (atomic power station) are all abbreviations. It should be remembered that there is no need to place points between the letters.

Another way of forming complex words is to add syllables. These are words such as the nuclear ship (atom, walk), collective farm (collective farm), yunnat (young naturalist), department store (department store).

Verbs in such ways are not formed, only nouns and adjectives.

Word Formation in English

Just like in Russian, word formation occurs in English. Examples will be discussed below.

Word formation with the help of a prefix: possible (possible) - inpossible (impossible - prefix in); War (war) - prewar (pre-war - prefix pre); To write (write) - rewrite (rewrite - prefix re). One can make an unambiguous conclusion that in English the lexical meaning of a derivative word is regulated by the value of the prefix, that is, if we need to form a new word, it is enough to choose a prefix suitable for the lexical meaning.

Examples of suffixing word formation: to teach - teacher . The last word appeared by attaching to the basis of the teach - suffix - er -; Free (freedom) - freedom (freedom) - the word is formed with the help of the suffix - dom -; Power - powerful - was formed with the suffix - ful -.

Word formation by addition: downtown (the center of the city) came from the confluence of the bases down (bottom) and town (city); Underground (metro, underground) merging of the bases under (under) and ground (ground); Duty -free ( duty-free shop) - the basis of duty (tax) and free (free, free).

There are in English words formed by truncation: grandmother - granny (grandmother); Subway - sub (metro); Mathematics - maths (mathematics).

The abbreviation in English also occurs: unknown flying object (UFO) - an unidentified flying object (UFO); E-mail (electronic mail) - e-mail.

Conversion

As in Russian, and in English there is one more way of formation of words: conversion. In this case, part of the speech goes from one to the other.

Consider in Russian a word formation. Examples are as follows: from the adjective teacher's room to the teacher's noun; Ice cream - from the adjective to the noun.

In English: rain (rain, noun) - to rain (drizzle, verb); To use (use, verb) - use (use, noun); Blue (blue, noun) - blue (blue, adjective).

Word change and word formation: what is the difference?

It is necessary to distinguish inflection and word formation. Examples will be discussed below. Slovoizmenenie - a change in the form of the word: its case, number, gender, time (for the verb). In other words, these unstable signs of this or that significant part of speech. A change in the form of the word is realized through its ending.

Word formation is the formation of a fundamentally new word that possesses only its morphological features. They are unchanged regardless of the form in which this word stands. Let's take a concrete example: a window to a window . Here we observe a change in the form of the word, because the ending has changed: the word was in the nominative case, but became in the dative. Another thing is a couple of words a window - a window sill. In this case, we have obtained a fundamentally new word in the prefix way: to the base of the window , a prefix has been added. In addition, the window is a word of the middle kind, and the window sill is a masculine one. Permanent morphological signs have changed.

Let's analyze two more variants with verbs. First: the loader is a sinker . In this case, there was a change in the word by birth, the ending changed: zero to - a . Accordingly, the word change takes place. Another option: load - load . Here, with the help of a prefix, a new, perfect one was formed from the imperfective verb.

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