Examples of the peoples of Russia. Customs and traditions of the peoples of Russia

Our country is huge, it is inhabited by a lot of different people, which can differ from each other by their height and physique, the cut of their eyes and skin color, traditions and culture, religion and folklore. Examples of the peoples of Russia can lead even an average average student, and this is not surprising, since the native land is studied in all educational institutions of the Russian Federation.

This article is aimed at revealing the most unknown and at the same time really interesting data about the customs and traditions of the peoples of Russia. The reader will receive a lot of useful facts, thanks to which later it will become easier for him to understand those who, like him, are called Russians.

In fact, the peculiarities of the peoples of Russia (at least some of them, for example, living in the Far North) can not surprise even the most sophisticated and experienced travelers. Let's talk about this and many other things in this article.

Ethnic composition of the peoples of Russia. general information

How large and vast is our country, so diverse and powerful is the population living in it. It was not for nothing that during the Soviet times in the passports there was the line "Nationality". The Union has disintegrated, and yet the Russian Federation still remains a multi-national state, where more than a hundred people live under one sky.

According to regularly conducted censuses of the population, it can be argued that the indigenous Russian nationalities make up about 90% of the inhabitants, 81% of them are Russians. How many people live in Russia? Ethnographers say that it is impossible to answer this question unambiguously, and in their reports they, as a rule, unite the indigenous peoples of the country in groups whose proximity is expressed not only geographically but also culturally and historically. In total there are more than 180 historical communities in the country. The religions of the peoples of Russia are also taken into account in the selection process.

With such an abundance of representatives of the ethnos of a huge country, one can not but pay attention to very few people whose culture and way of life are often on the verge of extinction. The inexorable facts in most cases indicate precisely that the number of nationalities, of which most of us have not even heard, is gradually declining. That is why the government of our country has adopted a completely logical decision to tell about the customs and traditions of the peoples of Russia to the younger generation from the primary school of the general education school. Initially, all this is presented in the form of fairy tales and legends, and a little later, from the 7th to 8th grade, the pupils become more familiar with everyday life and culture.

Little-known residents of a huge country

There are representatives of the peoples of Russia, of which you have not even heard. Do not believe me? And in vain. Although I must say that in fact there are not many of them. Description of the peoples of Russia, who managed to preserve their culture, traditions, and most importantly faith and way, deserve special attention.

Vodloser

Not everyone knows that today in Karelia there live lake people or the so-called water-givers. True, to the present day only five villages have been preserved, while the number of inhabitants is no more than 550 people. Their ancestors were immigrants from Moscow and Novgorod. Despite this, Slavic customs are still venerated in Vodlozero. For example, a path is ordered to the forest, if you do not first cajole its owner - the swine. Each hunter must make an offering: to take the killed animal as a gift.

Family

Examples of the peoples of Russia will be incomplete, if not to mention the family. They, in their way of life, seem to embody the life of pre-Petrine times. These representatives of the peoples of Russia are considered Old Believers who once settled Transbaikalia. The name of the nation comes from the word "family". According to the 2010 census, the population is 2500 people. Their unique culture is still pristine, that is, little that has changed since their ancestors. Every year scientists from all corners of the world come to these places to study the crafts of the peoples of Russia. By the way, it is far from known to everyone that village family houses are more than 250 years old today.

Russian-speaking people

By its appearance the nationality is obliged to develop Siberia in the 17th century. Settlers from the Cossacks and Pomors once created here their sub-ethnic group. Despite the difficult living conditions, they, albeit partially, managed to preserve culture and language.

Chaldones

This is how the Siberians nicknamed the first Russian immigrants of the 16th century. The same name is worn by their descendants. Today the way of the chalcedons is very similar to the life of the Slavs until the establishment of princely power. Their uniqueness is also expressed in the fact that language, appearance, and culture are completely different neither from the Slavonic, nor from the Mongoloid ones. Sadly, the chaladons, like other small nations, are gradually dying out.

Sunken peasants

They are considered descendants of the eastern Pomors. They are very friendly people who actively come into contact with others. They are characterized by a unique culture of their own, faith and tradition. True, in 2010, only 8 people identified themselves as blurred peasants.

Disappearing peoples of the country: Khanty and Mansi

Related peoples, Khanty and Mansi, were once the greatest hunters. The glory of their courage and courage reached the very Moscow. Today, both peoples are represented by residents of the Khanty-Mansiysk District. Initially, the territory near the Ob river basin belonged to the Khanty. The Mansi tribes began settling it only at the end of the 19th century, after which the peoples began to actively advance into the northern and eastern parts of the region. It is no coincidence that faith, culture, the way of their life was built on the basis of unity with nature, because the Khanty and Mansi were predominantly taiga.

These representatives of the peoples of Russia did not have a clear distinction between the animal and man. Nature and animals always stood in the first place. So, the peoples were forbidden to settle near places inhabited by the beast, and the fisheries did not use too narrow networks.

Almost every animal was revered. So, according to their beliefs, the bear gave birth to the first woman, and the fire was given by the Great Bear; Moose is a symbol of well-being and strength; And the beaver is obliged by the fact that it was thanks to him that the Khanty came to the sources of the Vasyugan River. Today, scientists are concerned that oil developments can have the most negative impact not only on the beaver population, but also on the way of life of the whole people.

Eskimos - proud inhabitants of the north

The Eskimos firmly established themselves on the territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. This is perhaps the most eastern people of our country, the origin of which remains controversial to this day. Hypericum was the main activity. Until the middle of the 19th century, a spear with a tip and a turning harpoon made of bone were the main tools for hunting.

Citing examples of the peoples of Russia, it should be noted that the Eskimos almost did not affect Christianity. They believed in spirits, changes in the state of man, the phenomenon of nature. Creator of the world was considered Sila - the creator and master, watching the order and veneration of rites of ancestors. Sedna, the sea lord, sent prey to the Eskimos. Spirits bringing misfortunes and illnesses were depicted as dwarfs or, on the contrary, giants. Shaman, lived in almost every settlement. As an intermediary between man and evil spirits, he made peaceful alliances, and for a while the Eskimos lived in peace and peace.

Whenever fishing was successful, fishing holidays were arranged. Also, celebrations were organized in honor of the beginning or end of the hunting season. Rich folklore, an unusual Arctic culture (carving and engraving on the bone) once again prove the uniqueness of the Eskimos. The property of the peoples of Russia, including them, can be seen in the metropolitan ethnographic museums.

The famous reindeer herders of Russia are Koryaks

Talking about how many peoples live in Russia at the moment, it is impossible not to mention the Koryaks living in Kamchatka and the Chukchi Peninsula. This people still traces the traits of the Okhotsk culture that existed in the first millennium of the new era. At the root of everything changed in the XVII century, when the formation of the Koryak-Russian ties began. Collectivism is the basis of the life of this people.

Their worldview is associated with animism. This means that they have animated everything around for quite some time: stones, plants, the universe. Shamanism also took place in their customs. Worship sacred places, sacrifices, cult objects - all this is the basis of the culture of the Koryaks.

All the Koryak holidays were and are seasonal. In the spring, the reindeer herders celebrate the holiday of the horns (kilts), and in the autumn - the day of slaughtering. In families where twins were born, a wolf festival was organized, as newborns were considered relatives of these predators. At all events, active imitation of animals was clearly traced: in dancing, singing. In recent years, a policy has been implemented to preserve the heritage and heritage of the unique Koryak people.

Tofalary - the disappearing nationality of the Irkutsk region

The description of the peoples of Russia is impossible without tofalars, an ethnic group numbering more than 700 people, which is stationed on the territory of the Irkutsk region. Despite the fact that most Tofalars are Orthodox, shamanism persists to this day.

The main activity of these people is hunting and reindeer herding. Once a favorite drink was the milk of elk, which was drunk boiled or added to tea. Until the Tofalars became a sedentary people, their home was a conical plague. Lately the thoroughbredness of the people has been lost. However, the traditions, customs and culture of the ancient Tofalars survived to this day.

An original and proud people - Archintsi

Today, the Archintsy are a small ethnic group, which, with the 1959 census, was ranked among the Avars. Despite this fact, the originality and conservative way of life of this people allowed to preserve their language. Modern archivchits revere their culture, many of them have higher education. However, in schools, teaching is conducted only in the Avar language.

The fact that the Archintsy know the Avar language, once again proves their belonging to a large, socially significant nation. The life of the people is not subject to global changes. Young people do not want to leave the villages, and mixed marriages are a rarity. Although, of course, the gradual loss of traditions occurs.

How many peoples in Russia, so many traditions. For example, celebrating the triumph, the Archintsy do not decorate the tree, but wear fur coats and fur caps from the sheepskin and begin to dance the lezginka to the accompaniment of zurna, drum and kumuz.

The last of the people's water

Let's continue to give examples of the peoples of Russia. The population of the people is barely 100 people. They live in the territory of the modern Leningrad region.

The water is Orthodox. However, despite this, the survivals of paganism still have a place: so, at the beginning of the XX century, animalism was traced - the worship of trees and stones. Rites were performed according to calendar days. On the eve of the feast of Ivan Kupala fires were lit, and the girls began to guess. On the Ilin day , collective feasts and ritual fishing were arranged. The first fish caught was roasted and then dipped back into the water. The choice of a partner for the vod was entirely with the young. Matchmaking, unlike the present, was divided into two stages: in fact, matchmaking, when the bride and groom exchanged pledges, and tobacco, when the matchmakers smoked tobacco and ate pies.

During the preparation for the wedding, it was often possible to hear ritual lamentations. It is curious that the wedding until the XIX century was "two-pointed": after the wedding the groom went to celebrate with himself and his guests, in fact, the same did the bride. And until the middle of the XIX century, during the wedding ceremony, the bride shaved his hair, as if symbolizing the transition to a new stage - the stage of married life.

Nivkhi - residents of the Khabarovsk Territory

Nivkhi - people who settled in the Khabarovsk Territory. The number is more than 4500 people. It seems that this is not so much, considering how many peoples in Russia live at the moment, however, everything, as they say, is known in comparison, for example, with the people of the water. Nivkhi speak both Nivkh and Russian. It is believed that they are the descendants of the ancient population on Sakhalin.

Traditional fisheries are fishing, hunting and gathering. In addition, dog breeding was one of the main occupations of the Nivkhs. They not only used dogs as a vehicle, but also ate them, and made dog clothes out of dog skins.

The official religion is Orthodoxy. Nevertheless, up to the middle of the 20th century, traditional beliefs persisted. For example, the cult of a bear. The bear festival was accompanied by the slaughter of an animal grown in a cage. A careful attitude to nature, the rational use of her gifts in the blood of the Nivkhs. Rich folklore, applied art, quackery to this day are passed from mouth to mouth.

Indigenous peoples of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District

Less people than the Selkup, can not be found in the whole North. According to the last census, their number is only 1,700 people. The name of this people comes directly from the ethnogroup and is translated as "forest man". Traditionally, Selkups are engaged in fishing and hunting, as well as reindeer herding. Until the 17th century, that is, until the Russian merchants mastered the sale, handicrafts and weaving were actively developing.