Constant and unstable morphological features of pronouns

In the rich Russian language there is a large number of various parts of speech. These are groups of words united through various common features. Among them, there are adjectives, pronouns, verbs, nouns, adverbs, and others. Each of them, as well as their numerous characteristics, should be discussed separately.

Morphological signs of pronouns are very diverse, since this part of the speech is quite interesting and somewhat different from the others. More details about them can be found in this article.

What is a pronoun

Of course, first we need to understand what the pronoun is in general. This group of words is one of the independent parts of speech. It does not directly indicate the signs of objects, their number or the objects themselves.

Thus, in the sentences the pronoun can replace some other independent parts of speech: nouns, numerals and adjectives.

The questions that the pronouns give are different. They can be applied to nouns ("what?", "Who?"), And to the names of numbers ("how many?"), And to names of adjectives ("what?").

What are the signs of pronouns

Any part of speech that exists in the Russian language has a number of distinctive features. Of course, they also have a pronoun. These signs are divided into two main types:

- syntactic, which determine the role of this part of speech in the sentence;

- Morphological signs of pronouns, which just give us an understanding that in a particular case we are dealing with a pronoun, and not with any other part of speech.

Syntactic signs

The role of pronouns in the sentence is different, it can be anything. The reason for this diversity is that these words can serve as a substitute for both adjectives, nouns, and numerals. Depending on what part of the speech the pronoun will replace, it will prove to be a subject, a definition, a predicate or another member of the sentence.

Morphological signs

This characteristic of this group of words is very extensive, since it also directly depends on which part of the speech the pronoun is a substitute for in a particular situation.

In any case, there are morphological signs of the pronoun in the Russian language: permanent and non-permanent. The first category includes all those features by which the pronoun differs from the rest of the numerous parts of speech. The second category contains a list of features that somehow change depending on different circumstances.

Permanent signs

Let's talk first about the characteristics inherent only in this category of words. Constant morphological signs of the pronoun include such a basic concept as discharge. Any word that is a pronoun can have a certain category. There are two main classifications of this part of speech. There are categories grouped by value, and depending on the set of grammatical features.

Also, the permanent morphological features of pronouns can be represented by such concepts as person, gender and number. However, only one group of this part of the speech possesses these constant characteristics, which will be discussed below.

Rank of pronouns by value

There are as many as nine different categories, into which words belonging to pronouns are divided. The assignment to one of the groups occurs depending on the meaning that the pronoun itself carries in itself.

The first group, or the category of pronouns, is personal, indicating direct participants in the conversation (for example, "you" or "I"), those who do not participate in it, and various subjects (for example, "they" or "she"), .

The second group of pronouns is returnable. This category has only one word - "myself". Here there is an indication of the identity of the object or person being the subject (She does not protect herself).

The third group of pronouns is interrogative. This includes word-questions that can indicate the number, signs or objects and persons. For example, these are the words "how much", "whose", "what".

The fourth group of pronouns is relative. Here are the same words as in the previous group, but they are found in complex sentences and act as a ligament between their constituents. They are also called allied words.

The fifth group of pronouns is possessive. The words referring here refer to the belonging of a particular object to some other object or person. Representatives of this category are, for example, the words "my", "them", "it", "your".

The sixth group of pronouns is undefined. These words are a way of expressing an undefined character, quantity, attributes or the subject of the conversation. They represent a combination of interrogative pronouns with prefixes "something" and "not" or suffixes "either", "something", "that". This group, for example, includes the words "someone's", "some", "some".

The seventh group of pronouns is negative. In speech, such words are used in those cases when the object of conversation or its signs are absent. They are formed from interrogative pronouns, to which the prefixes "not" and "no" are attached. In this group, you can find, for example, such pronouns: "nobody", "no one", "no".

The eighth group of pronouns is called the index. This includes words with the help of which you can describe or indicate the number or some feature of the object. Examples of such pronouns are the following: "one", "so many", "this", "such."

The ninth group of pronouns is definitive, indicating the sign of the object in question. Here we are talking about such words as "any," "the most," "the other," "everyone," "himself," and so on.

The rank of pronouns depending on the grammatical attribute

Constant morphological signs of the pronoun include also bits that are characterized by grammatical features. Depending on them, pronouns can be related to adjectives, nouns or numerals.

Pronouns that play the role of adjectives are indicative of the attributes of objects. Words related to this category include:

- Absolutely all pronouns from the category of identifying and possessive;

- Some of the category of indexes ("such", "this," "this," "such," "that");

- part of the categories of interrogative and relative ("whose", "which", "what");

- pronouns from the categories of uncertain and negative, which can be obtained from the points indicated in the previous paragraph.

The eighth group of pronouns is called the index. This includes words with the help of which you can describe or indicate the number or some feature of the object. Examples of such pronouns are "one", "so many," "this," "such."

The ninth group of pronouns is definitive, indicating the sign of the object in question. Here we are talking about such words as "any," "the most," "the other," "everyone," "himself," and so on.

Pronouns that play the role of numerals represent a small group, which includes the words "as much", "how much", "some", "several" and "so many". The words of this group are indicative of the number of objects.

Pronouns that act as nouns are able to point to the very object in question. This category is represented by the following words:

- All personal pronouns;

- returnable "oneself";

- pronouns from the categories of relative and interrogative ("what" and "who");

- pronouns from the categories of uncertain and negative, which can be obtained from the ones mentioned in the previous paragraph ("someone", "someone", "nothing", etc.).

Features of pronouns-nouns

Pronouns that are in the personal category deserve special attention. This group contains only nine words, remembering them is quite simple. All of them possess one feature, which is not present in other kinds of pronouns.

Constant morphological signs of personal pronouns include not only one concept of the category to which they belong. This group is also characterized by the fact that it has an unchangeable face.

There are three groups of individuals:

- The first person is represented by the words "we" and "I";

- 2nd person - "you" and "you";

- 3rd person - "it", "they", "she" and "he".

Genus is another unchangeable sign of this category of pronouns. Not always this information is allocated in the sources, but it must be known and taken into account. Thus, the words "you" and "I" refer to the common gender. Words in the group of the third person and presented in the singular, "it", "she", "he", are average, female and masculine, respectively. In this case, the words of this category, whose number is plural ("they", "you", "we") do not have a sign of the genus.

An unchangeable sign of pronouns belonging to the category of personal, is the number that is inherent in them.

A special feature is also in pronouns from the ranks of relative and interrogative "what" and "who." Regardless of the context, these words refer to a single number. In this case, the representative of the neuter gender is "what", and the male - "who." Morphological signs of indefinite pronouns and negative pronouns, which can be obtained from these words, are the same. Thus, in this group of pronouns, along with the categories to which they relate, the unchanged attributes are still gender and number.

The non-permanent signs of pronouns

The property of changing depending on the context is the non-permanent morphological features of the pronoun. Also, their set is different for pronouns belonging to different grammatical categories. In general, for this group of attributes are such terms as gender, case and number, if they exist for specific words.

To begin with, let's talk about pronouns that perform the functions of nouns. As mentioned above, for most of the pronouns that make up this category, the number and gender refer to unchangeable traits. The pronoun "himself" does not have these two characteristics at all. However, all words included in this type of pronoun have the property of changing by case. This is their main non-permanent sign.

If we are talking about pronouns that play the role of adjectives, then the changing signs will have a case, gender and number in accordance with the noun to which they refer. One feature is the morphological features of possessive pronouns. In this category, the words "their", "her" and "him" do not change in any way. And among all the signs, this property of immutability is permanent. The pronouns "are" and "what" the ability to change by case do not possess.

Pronouns that perform the functions of numerals do not have such characteristics as gender and number. This is their property is exactly the same as all the significant numerals. Thus, the non-permanent morphological features of the pronoun-numeral are represented only by a change in cases. In this case, they interact with nouns as follows:

- in the nominative and accusative cases they control the noun in the genitive plural;

- in the oblique cases they agree with the nouns.

Structure of the morphological analysis of the pronoun

Morphological signs of pronouns are important for morphological analysis, which is often necessary for each part of speech. It is done in several stages.

At the first stage they write the name of the part of speech and indicate the initial form of the word being analyzed (that is, they lead it to the nominative case, the only number).

The second stage lists all the morphological features that are inherent in this pronoun. First, the constant characteristics are listed: absolutely for all pronouns, this, of course, is a discharge depending on the value. Next for pronouns from the personal category are indicated the person, gender and number, and for the words "what", "who" and those educated from them, their number and gender should be mentioned. Then they talk about non-permanent characteristics, if they are available for a particular word.

The final stage requires an indication of which member of the proposal is the pronoun being examined.