UralZiS-355M: technical characteristics. Freight car. The Ural Automobile Plant named after Stalin

Historians of domestic technology believe that on the day when the last UralZiS-355M descended from the Miass Automobile Plant assembly line, the era of the three-ton ZiS-5 ended. He is "Zakhar Ivanovich", as he was nicknamed in the people. Which for the war years has become a real legend. Why then? The fact is that the 355M was the last modification of the famous "Zakhar". But this car, incidentally, has become a very successful and completely independent development, was undeservedly pushed to the backyard of the history of the Soviet automotive industry.

Prehistory

In the autumn of 1941 Moscow defense enterprises, including the Stalin Plant (ZiS), were evacuated to the east of the country to the cities of Ulyanovsk, Chelyabinsk and Miass. On November 30 of the same year, the State Committee for Defense (GKO) adopted a decision in an accelerated order Miass factory No. 316 engaged in manufacturing bombs, redeployed, and, using the production base of the capital ZiS, organize the production of engines for cars and tank checkpoints.

In April 1942, the tasks were accomplished - the shops earned. And a year later, according to the decision of the state defense committee, the plant again waited for the transformation - a narrowly focused enterprise for the production of trucks. To do this, assembly plants from Ulyanovsk, where they collected three-ton ZiS-5V, were transferred to Miass. Since that moment all the capacities of the new car factory have been directed to the production of trucks.

The Urals "Zakhar"

July 8, 1944 from the factory gate left the first Ural "Zakhary", but already under its name - UralZiS-5B.

A feature of the Miass three-tonk was that, compared to the Moscow model, this truck was simplified and cheapened to the limit. To do this, stamped wings with a rounded shape were removed from the structure, putting instead of them welded L-shaped ones. The cabin was lined inside with a lining. Metal footboards and rim of the wheel were replaced by wooden, iron mud flaps - on plywood, of the two headlamps left only the left (driver's). The heating system of the cabin, as well as the door windows, are now not installed. The braking system worked only on the rear axle.

Such measures allowed each machine to save 124 kg of sheet iron, which was very important for wartime. In addition, the simplification of the machine, coupled with the use of the 77-horsepower ZiS-5M engine, increased its dynamics by 35%, and the Ural truck became more economical by 10-16% compared with the Moscow ZiSi.

Not with the times

After the return of the Stalin Factory from evacuation to their native, capital shops, the further development of Zakhar Ivanovich went on two different paths: in Moscow, ZiS-5 was first transformed into ZiS-150, then into ZIS-164, and through ZIS-164A (intermediate model ) In the ZiS-130. That is, progress was well underway. In Miass, as before, they collected archaic ZiS-5B.

It would be unfair to say that Zarakh did not try to improve on the UralsZiC. In 1947, the Urals began developing the UralZiS-353, a modernized three-ton system. Work continued until 1951, but an unsolvable problem arose: trying to get rid of the old-fashioned, angular cabin, the designers came up with an option similar in appearance to the ZiS-150, but it was very problematic to make stamps for its serial production under the existing conditions. As a result, work on the project was stopped.

Stopgap measure

As the new car did not come to an end, and ZiS-5 was obsolete by all indicators, it was decided to launch a truck under the marking UralZiS-5M on a temporary basis.

Outwardly, it was practically the same as Zakhar, because the car was still equipped with an old-style cabin, only the wings now had a round, streamlined shape, similar to the one that was on pre-war machines. But inside the truck has changed a lot.

New "stuffing" for an old truck

First of all, the modified "Zakhar" received an updated engine, in which the following improvements were made: the crank and the head of the unit, aluminum pistons, and a new carburetor. Together, this made it possible to change the compression ratio, increasing it to 5.7 (the former was 4.6), due to this the engine power increased (from 76 to 85 hp), and the control fuel consumption decreased by 7%. The limiting speed of the car increased by 10 km / h and now was 70 km / h.

Also in the design of the truck introduced a full-flow oil cleaner, pre-heater, for the first time in the industry providing a motor start-up, even in the case of frosts below 20 degrees; A new steering gear; A fuel tank for 110 liters; Electrical equipment for 12 volts; And a number of other minor improvements. By the way, most of the innovations were taken from the experienced "353-th".

Solving the problem of the "353rd"

In 1956, there was a chance to move the UralZiS-353, finally, from a dead center. At this time, the Gorky Automobile Plant was working on the GAZ-62. Initially, designers planned for this truck hood layout. Therefore, the cabin itself was a slightly redesigned version of the model from the GAZ-51. But soon it was abandoned. Gorkovchane decided to use the cabin, which would be located above the engine. However, for the first, rejected version, the stamps were already ready, and now they were unclaimed.

AA Lipgart - a teacher at the Bauman University, formerly the chief designer at GAZ, and an engineer at a car factory in Miass, was well aware of the problems of the Urals. It was he who advised the already unnecessary stamps on GAZ to pass to colleagues in the UralsZiS, which was done.

Car UralZiS-355M

With the acquisition of a new cabin UralZiS-353 received another number marking - "355M". And although this car was considered an improvement of the old Zakhar Ivanovich, in fact it was almost a new model of the truck. The wheelbase remained almost unchanged, that is, the same as in the ZiS-5 (3842 mm), but the main dimensions of UralZiS-355M were changed, mainly due to the extended body of 470 mm body. Since such a conversion is associated with increased load capacity of the machine (up to 3-5 tons), the body itself and its attachment to the frame have been strengthened, for this purpose a strong forging was used, as well as harder angles. By the way, externally UralZiS-355M, the cabin of which was a slightly altered version from GAZ-51, in conjunction with the new body became similar to the added in size "Lawn".

Modernization of the engine "355th"

The engine of the updated truck also underwent a serious revision: the designers used a wet cylinder head with increased through holes and forced ventilation of the crankcase. In addition, the profile of the camshaft cams has been changed, the lubrication system has been improved, and anti-corrosion sleeves have been inserted in the cylinder block. The rear oil seal mounted on the crankshaft eliminated the leakage of oil from the crankcase through the bearing, which in ZiS-5 was a characteristic drawback. The improvement in the drive of auxiliary machinery significantly reduced noise during engine operation. In general, the upgrade of the power unit UralZiS-355M reduced its weight by 30 kg.

Other changes made to the construction of the truck

In the gearbox, the stuffing boxes were significantly improved, reinforced spring retainers were used, due to which the third gear ceased to self-cut out, as was often the case at Zakhar. In addition, the gearbox was more accurately centered in relation to the crankshaft of the engine.

Do not bypass the transformation and construction of bridges UralZiS-355M. Ahead was strengthened pivot knot, and also used shop grease. Due to the fact that the front wheel track was enlarged on the new truck, the inter-wheel beam also became longer. In the rear axle, which is leading, the designers installed a reinforced gearbox, and the underlays under the gears of the semi-axles, and also changed the centering of the differential cups.

The front suspension was made in the form of an elongated spring with a shock absorber, which made it quite soft. The rear, on the contrary, has become stiffer due to the increase in the size of the cross-section of the sheets of the subsectors.

To increase the maneuverability of the car, a new steering mechanism with a simplified kinematics and a gear ratio of 20.5: 1 was installed (in ZiS-5 it was 15.9: 1).

In addition, the UralZiS-355M used a modern single-wire 12-volt system, front lights, foot-switch, light switch (far-near), relay-regulator with direction indicators. For convenience of night service under a cowl established a lamp. In addition, the instrument panel was upgraded, and a cab light appeared.

The good roadability of the truck was provided by increased clearance, well-chosen entry and exit angles (44 degrees - front, 27.5 - rear), and improved traction characteristics of the engine.

UralZiS-355M: technical specifications

They looked like this:

• The wheel formula is 4х2.
• Dimensions - 6290 mm x 2280 mm x 2095 mm.
• Ground clearance - 26,2 mm.
• Wheelbase: the rear - 1675 mm, the front - 1611 mm.
• Turning radius (external) - 8.3 meters.
• The total weight of the car is 7050 kg.
• The curb weight is 3400 kg.
• Carrying capacity UralZiS-355M - 3500 kg.
• Engine power is 95 l / s.
• The capacity of the fuel tank is 110 liters.
• The consumption of gasoline is 24 l / 100 km.
• The maximum speed is 75 km / h.

Serial production of a new machine

Despite the fact that UralZiS-355M was trying to launch for so long in production, initially it was planned to produce only one year (1959), and then only in order to justify all previously invested in it. However, the model did not go off the assembly line for seven years, primarily because of the high consumer appraisal.

In addition, some improvements were added to the design of the car: 1959 - in the crosses of the cardan, the sliding bushings were replaced with needle bearings, 1960 - in the front suspension instead of the obsolete lever shock absorbers, improved ones were installed - telescopic, 1961 - crankcase ventilation Became a closed type.

Despite numerous improvements, the exterior of the car remained the same, except for the changed inscription: the abbreviation "ZiS" disappeared, and now it looked like that - "UralAZ". Although among the drivers the truck still remained "Zakhar", or else it was called "Urals".

Modifications of "Urals"

The plant produced a renewed, or rather, new, "Zakhar", in two versions: UralZiS-355M - onboard, and the second - just a chassis, which was most often used for tanks.

Since the Uralets coped well with airborne semi-trailers, the official mass of which could be five tons, and the actual weight reached up to nine, this car was often used as a truck tractor.

Also, UralZiS-355M - a timber carrier, with a trailer - dissolution was in demand. In addition to all of the above, the chassis "Zahara" was used for watering machines, vans, sewer tanks, compressor stations. In 1958, the Urals released even a four-wheel drive version of the truck, although the batch of cars was very small and mostly in dump trucks.

In 1960 in Kazakhstan, on the basis of UralZiS-355M, a bus for 40 seats was assembled, with wagon configuration. In a word, the car from Miasses turned out to be extremely successful, despite the fact that it was only a modification of the old three-ton ZiS-5.

There, where it is more necessary

The years of serial production of the 355th coincided with the period of development of virgin land and fallow lands, so the car was mainly sent to the regions of Siberia, the Far East, and also to Kazakhstan. In the central and western parts of the USSR the car was delivered in small quantities. In 1962, a consignment of trucks in the export version was sent to Afghanistan and Finland.

In total, the car factory produced 192 thousand of these machines. By the standards of mass production, the quantity is small, nevertheless the car proved to be a very unpretentious, very reliable and strong car, with a large, by that standards, load-carrying capacity. Despite the claimed 3.5 tons in the TTX, it did not strain much, it carried five tons of cargo. Drivers loved her and for comparative improvement, because at that time a little truck could boast of the presence of the heater cabin. And the well-assembled suspension and engine with good traction allowed the driver to feel quite confident even on a very bad road.

In general, UralZiS-355M though did not become a legend of the Soviet car industry, however for a role of the standard of simplicity, reliability and unpretentiousness quite could apply. It's not for nothing that this car was sent to work in the most complicated regions of the country in all respects.

The last car came off the assembly line of the enterprise on October 16, 1965. On this day the epoch of Zakhar Ivanovich was over.

Up to now, in a more or less decent condition, only about twenty cars have been preserved, and then, most of them can not move with their own motion, and there is no possibility of repairing them. And all because parts for the engine can not be found. Of course, some craftsmen still managed to install the engine from ZIL under the hood, but from this originality and value of the car was lost.