The beginning of the Romanov dynasty. History of the Romanov dynasty

The Romanov dynasty, whose history dates back to the sixteenth century, was simply an old noble family. But after the marriage, concluded between Ivan the Terrible and the Romanov family - Anastasia Zakharina, they became close to the royal court. And after establishing affinity with the Moscow Rurik, the Romanovs themselves began to claim the royal throne.

The history of the Russian dynasty of emperors began after the ruling grandfather was elected grandfather of the wife of Ivan the Terrible - Mikhail Fedorovich. His offspring stood at the head of Russia until October 1917.

Prehistory

The ancestor of some noble families, including the Romanovs, is called Andrei Ivanovich Kobyl, whose father, as records show, Divonovich Glanda-Kambila, baptized Ivan, appeared in Russia in the last decade of the fourteenth century. He came from Lithuania.

Despite this, a certain category of historians suggests that the beginning of the Romanov dynasty (briefly - the House of the Romanovs) comes from Novgorod. Andrei Ivanovich had as many as five sons. Their names were Semen Stallion and Alexander Elka, Vasily Ivantai and Gabriel Gavsha, as well as Fedor Koshka. They were the ancestors of the whole seventeen noble houses in Russia. In the first tribe of Andrei Ivanovich and his first four sons were called the Kobylins, Fyodor Andreevich and his son Ivan - the Koshkins, and the son of the last - Zakharya - Koshkin-Zakharin.

The emergence of the surname

Descendants soon abandoned the first part - Koshkins. And for some time they began to be written only under the name Zakharyiny. From the sixth knee, the second half - the St. George's - was added to it.

Accordingly, the descendants of Peter and Basil Yakovlevich were nicknamed Yakovlev, Romanus - okolnichogo and voivodes - Zakharyiny-Romanovs. It was with the children of the latter and the beginning of the famous dynasty of the Romanovs. Years of government of this kind began in 1613.

Kings

The Romanov dynasty managed to raise five of its representatives to the throne. The first of these was Anastasia's grand-nephew - the wife of Ivan the Terrible. Mikhail Fedorovich - the first king of the Romanov dynasty, he was elevated to the throne by the Zemsky Sobor. But, since he was young and inexperienced, in fact the country was ruled by the elder Martha with relatives. After him the tsars of the Romanov dynasty were few. This is his son Alexei and three grandsons - Fyodor, Ivan V and Peter I. It was the last in 1721, the year ended the royal dynasty of the Romanovs.

The Emperors

When Peter Alexeyevich ascended the throne, a different era began for the family. The Romanovs, whose dynasty history as emperors began in 1721, gave thirteen rulers to Russia. Of these, only three were representatives by blood.

After Peter the First - the first emperor of the Romanov dynasty - as the autocratic empress the throne was succeeded by his legitimate spouse Catherine I, whose origins are still heatedly disputed by historians. After her death, the power passed to Pyotr Alekseevich's grandson from his first marriage - Peter the Second.

Because of the feuds and intrigues the line of succession of his grandfather was frozen. And after it, the imperial power and regalia were transferred to the daughter of the elder brother of Emperor Peter the Great - Ivan V, whereas after Anna Ioannovna the Russian throne was raised by her son from the Duke of Braunschweig. His name was John VI Antonovich. He became the only representative of the Mecklenburg-Romanov dynasty, who took the throne. He was overthrown by his aunt - "daughter of Petrov", Empress Elizabeth. She was unmarried and childless. That is why the dynasty of the Romanovs, whose table of government is very impressive, it ended on the straight line of the male line.

Familiarity with the history

The accession of this kind to the throne took place under strange circumstances, surrounded by numerous strange deaths. The dynasty of the Romanovs, whose photo is in any history textbook, is directly related to the Russian chronicle. It stands out with its unchanging patriotism. Together with the people experienced hard times, slowly raising the country from poverty and poverty - the results of constant wars, it was the Romanovs. The history of the Russian dynasty is literally saturated with bloody events and secrets. Each of its representatives, although he respected the interests of his subjects, at the same time was distinguished by cruelty.

The first ruler

The year of the beginning of the Romanov dynasty was very troublesome. The state did not have a legitimate ruler. Basically, thanks to the excellent reputation of Anastasia Zakharina and her brother Nikita, the Romanov family was respected by all.

Russia was tormented by wars with Sweden and practically non-stop internecine strife. In early February 1613 in the Great Kremlin Palace, left by foreign invaders, along with a pile of dirt and debris, the first Romanov dynasty tsar was proclaimed - the young and inexperienced Prince Mikhail Fedorovich. And it was this sixteen-year-old son of Patriarch Filaret that marked the beginning of the reign of the Romanov dynasty. He was entrenched in the reign for as long as thirty-two years.

It was with him that the dynasty of the Romanovs began, the genealogy table of which is studied at school. In 1645, Mikhail was succeeded by his son Alexei. The latter also rules for a long time - more than three decades. After him succession in the succession was associated with some difficulties.

With 1676 Russia for six years, grandson of Michael - Fyodor, named after his great-grandfather. After his death, the reign of the Romanov dynasty was continued adequately by Peter I and Ivan V - his brothers. For almost fifteen years they have exercised dual power, although in fact, Sophia, who was a very power-hungry woman, took over the entire administration of the country. Historians say that to conceal this circumstance, a special double throne with a hole was ordered. And it was through him in a whisper that Sofya gave her brothers instructions.

Peter the Great

And although the beginning of the reign of the Romanov dynasty is associated with the name of Mikhail Fedorovich, nevertheless, almost everyone knows about one of its representatives. This is a man who can be proud of all the Russian people, and the Romanovs themselves. The history of the Russian dynasty of emperors, the history of the Russian people, the history of Russia are inextricably linked with the name of Peter the Great - the commander and the founder of the regular army and navy, and in general - a man with very progressive views on life.

Possessing purposefulness, strong will and great capacity for work, Peter I, like, indeed, the whole, with a few exceptions, the Romanov dynasty, whose representatives have photos in all history textbooks, studied a lot during his lifetime. But he paid special attention to military and naval affairs. During his first trip abroad in 1697-1698, Peter passed an artillery course in the city of Koenigsberg, then worked for six months at the Amsterdam shipyards as a simple carpenter, he studied shipbuilding theory in England.

It was not only the most remarkable person of his era, they could be proud of the Romanovs: the history of the Russian dynasty did not know a more intelligent and inquisitive person. All his appearance, according to contemporaries, testified about this.

Peter the First was invariably interested in everything that somehow affected his plans: both in terms of government or commerce, and in enlightenment. His curiosity spread to almost everything. He did not neglect even the smallest details, if they could later be useful in some way.

The business of Peter Romanov's life was the rise of his state and the strengthening of his military power. It was he who became the founder of the regular fleet and army, continuing the reforms of his father - Alexei Mikhailovich.

The state reforms of Peter's rule turned Russia into a strong state, which acquired seaports, developed foreign trade and a well-established administrative system of government.

And although the beginning of the reign of the Romanov dynasty was laid almost six decades before, none of its representatives managed to achieve what Peter the Great achieved. He not only established himself as an excellent diplomat, but also created the anti-Swedish Northern Alliance. In the history of the first emperor, the main stage of Russia's development and its emergence as a great power is connected.

At the same time, Peter was a very tough person. When at the age of seventeen he took power, he did not fail to hide his sister Sophia in the distant monastery. One of the most famous representatives of the Romanov dynasty, Peter, better known as the Great, was known as a rather heartless emperor, who set himself the goal of reorganizing his little-uncivilized country in the Western manner.

Nevertheless, despite such advanced ideas, he was considered a wayward tyrant, quite like his cruel predecessor - Ivan the Terrible, the husband of his great-grandmother Anastasia Romanova.

Some researchers reject the great significance of Peter's restructuring and in general the policy of the emperor during his reign. Peter, they believe, was in a great hurry to achieve his goals, so he moved the shortest way, sometimes even using apparently clumsy methods. And that was the reason that after his untimely death, the Russian empire quickly returned to the state from which the reformer Peter Romanov tried to bring it out.

It is impossible to radically change one's people in one fell swoop, even having built a new capital for him, shaving off the beards and ordering them to gather for political rallies.

Nevertheless, the policy of the Romanovs, and in particular the administrative reforms that Peter introduced, meant a lot to the country.

The new branch

After the marriage of Anna (the second daughter of Peter the Great and Catherine) with the nephew of the Swedish king, the beginning of the Romanov dynasty was laid, which actually passed to the genus Holstein-Gottorp. In this case, according to the contract, the son, born of this marriage, and he became Peter III, still remained a member of this royal House.

Thus, according to genealogical rules, the imperial family began to be called Holstein-Gottorp-Romanovsky, which was reflected not only in their patrimonial coat of arms, but also in the coat of arms of Russia. Since that time, the throne has been transmitted in a straight line, without any intricacies. This happened due to a decree issued by Paul. It spoke of succession in the male straight line.

After Paul, Alexander I ruled the country - his eldest son, who was childless. His second descendant, Prince Konstantin Pavlovich, renounced the throne, which, in fact, was one of the reasons for the Decembrist uprising. The next emperor was his third son - Nicholas I. In general, since the time of Catherine the Great, all the heirs of the throne began to wear the title of crown prince.

After Nicholas I, the throne passed to his eldest son - Alexander II. At the age of twenty-one years, Tsesarevich Nikolai Alexandrovich died from tuberculosis. Therefore, the next was the second son - Emperor Alexander III, who was succeeded by his eldest son and the last Russian ruler - Nicholas II. Thus, from the time when the beginning of the Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp dynasty was laid, eight emperors from this branch, counting Catherine the Great.

The nineteenth century

In the XIX century, the imperial family greatly expanded and increased. Even special laws were passed that regulated the rights and duties of each member of the family. The material aspects of their existence were also stipulated. Was even introduced a new title - Prince of Imperial Blood. He assumed the ruler's offspring too far off.

Since the time when the beginning of the Romanov dynasty was laid, and before the beginning of the nineteenth century, four branches along the women's line began to enter the Imperial House:

• Holstein-Gottorpovskaya;
• Leuchtenberg - derived from the daughter of Nicholas I, Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna, and the Duke of Leuchtenberg;
• Oldenburg - from the marriage of the daughter of Emperor Paul with the Duke of Oldenburg;
• Mecklenburg - originating from the marriage of Princess Ekaterina Mikhailovna and the Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitzky.

The Revolution and the Imperial House

Since the beginning of the Romanov dynasty, the history of this family is full of death and bloodshed. Not without reason the last of the clan - Nicholas II - was nicknamed Bloody. I must say that the Emperor himself was not at all distinguished by cruelty.

The reign of the last Russian monarch was marked by the rapid economic growth of the country. At the same time, within Russia, there has been an increase in social and political contradictions. All this led to the beginning of the revolutionary movement and, as a result, to the uprising of 1905-1907, and then to the February revolution.

The Emperor of All Russia and the Tsar of Poland, as well as the Grand Duke of Finland - the last Russian emperor from the Romanov dynasty - ascended in 1894 to the throne. Nicholas II contemporaries described as a soft and highly educated, sincerely devoted to the country, but at the same time very stubborn person.

Apparently, this was the reason for the stubborn rejection of the councils of experienced dignitaries in matters of state administration, which, in fact, led to fatal mistakes in the policy of the Romanovs. Surprisingly loyal love of the sovereign to his own wife, which in some historical documents is called even mentally unbalanced person, has become the reason for discrediting the royal family. Her power was placed in doubt as the only true one.

This was due to the fact that the wife of the last Russian emperor had a weighty word in many aspects of state administration. At the same time, she did not miss a single opportunity to take advantage of this, while many high-ranking officials did not like it in any way. Most of them considered the last reigning Romanov a fatalist, while others held the opinion that he was simply completely indifferent to the sufferings of his people.

End of the Board

Bloody 1917 year was the final for the shaken power of this autocrat. And it all began with the First World War and the ineffectiveness of the policy of Nicholas II in this difficult period for Russia.

Antagonists of the Romanov family argue that during this period the last autocrat simply could not or failed to implement in time the necessary political or social reforms. The February revolution forced the last emperor to abdicate altogether. As a result, Nicholas II, together with his family, was taken under house arrest in his palace in Tsarskoye Selo.

In the mid-nineteenth century, the Romanovs ruled over more than a sixth of the planet. It was self-sufficient, independent and concentrating in itself the most wealth in Europe, the state. It was a huge era that ended after the execution of the royal family, the last of the Romanovs: Nicholas II with Alexandra and their five children. It happened in the basement of Ipatiev's house in Yekaterinburg on the night of the seventeenth of July, in 1918.

The Romanovs today

By the beginning of 1917, the Russian Imperial House numbered sixty-five representatives, of which thirty-two belonged to its male half. Eighteen people were shot by the Bolsheviks between 1918 and 1919. This happened in St. Petersburg, Alapaevsk and, of course, in Yekaterinburg. The remaining forty-seven people fled. As a result, they were in exile, mainly in the US and France.

Despite this, a considerable part of the dynasty hoped for more than a decade to collapse the Soviet power and restore the Russian monarchy. When in December 1920, Olga Konstantinovna - the Grand Duchess - became the regent of Greece, she began to receive in this country many refugees from Russia who were just going to wait and return home. However, this did not happen.

Nevertheless, the House of Romanovs still had weight for a long time. Moreover, in 1942 two representatives of the House were even offered the throne of Montenegro. Even the Union was formed, which included all the living members of the dynasty.