Stepan Khalturin: biography, photo. The monument to Stepan Nikolaevich Khalturin

Stepan Khalturin, whose brief biography will be presented later, is known for his participation in the organization of the explosion in the Winter Palace in 1880. In addition, he was one of the leaders of the movement "North-Russian Workers' Union".

Stepan Khalturin: biography

The future revolutionary was born in the village of Khalevinskaya in 1856, on December 21, in the family of a well-to-do peasant. In 1871 Khalturin Stepan Nikolayevich graduated from the district school in the Orel district of the Vyatka province. In 1874, Mr .. entered the Zemstvo teachers' seminary, but in the next 1875 he was expelled for his poor academic performance.

First job

In 1875, together with several like-minded people, Stepan Khalturin wanted to go to America to create his own commune there. However, on the way to Moscow, his companions stole his passport and went abroad through Petersburg. Khalturin tried to catch up with them, but he could not. Arriving in St. Petersburg, he was engaged in a variety of work to feed himself and get settled at least for the night. In the autumn of 1875 he managed to establish contact with the revolutionary populists, among whom was GV Plekhanov. After some time Stepan Khalturin met accidentally with Kotelnikov - a teacher of the Zemsky school. The latter moved to St. Petersburg and participated in underground organizations. He helped Khalturin get a job as a carpenter in railway workshops. Subsequently, Kotelnikov recommended him to political circles in St. Petersburg.

Revolutionary activity

Entering the underground political movement, Stepan Khalturin quickly gained popularity among the circles. Here his propaganda talents appeared. He participated in the formation of the first organization of workers in Russia. Later VG Korolenko in his memoirs told (from the words of Alexander Pavlov) that Khalturin "with tears in his eyes urged his followers not to take the path of terror," saying that there was no return from this road. In the last quarter of the 19th century, many capitalist industrial enterprises were concentrated in St. Petersburg. The number of proletarian population intensively increased in the city. Through the port in the city penetrated the literature of Russian emigre revolutionaries. In December 1878, the charter and the program of the "North-Russian Workers' Union" were adopted. The organizers of the movement were AE Gorodnichy, DN Smirnov, SI Volkov, VI Saveliev. The society gathered on the 15th line of the Vasilievsky Island, 20. After a while, the movement was started by Khalturin Stepan Nikolaevich and Obnorsky Viktor Pavlovich. In 1879 the approved program and charter were published in the form of a leaflet with the slogan "To the Russian workers!". It is worth noting that the organization of the "Union" was quite archaic - it was not a party, but rather a secret society. Nevertheless, his education is a significant step forward for socialist propaganda among the working people.

Structure and work of the organization

"Union" began to expand rapidly. Soon began to form its branches in the working districts of St. Petersburg. Each of them was directed by the worker, who was in the Central Circle. Inside the association there operated its own illegal library, a savings and loan office operated . In February 1880, members of the Union managed to design and launch a printing press. It was used to make leaflets. It also printed the first issue of the "Working Dawn" (revolutionary newspaper). In total, there were about 200 people in the Soyuz. They sought to create an all-Russian organization, tried to lead political strikes. The branches of the organization operated in Helsingfors and Moscow. In 1880, the movement was defeated by the authorities. Parts of its members managed to escape.

Khalturin Stepan Nikolayevich: The People's Massacre with Tsarism

In September 1879 the revolutionary, using forged documents, settled in the Winter Palace as a carpenter. He was placed in the basement. By early February of the following year, he was able to transfer dynamite, made in an underground laboratory, to the room where he lived. The guardroom was located directly above the room where Stepan Khalturin settled. The terrorist expected that the force of the explosion would reach the dining room, where the dinner of Alexander II and the Prince of Hesse was planned. It was located on the second floor, above the guardroom. However, the prince's train was 30 minutes late. The explosion occurred when the emperor met the guest in the Field Marshal's Hall, far from the dining room. The shock wave destroyed the floors between the first and basement floors. The floors of the guardhouse collapsed (the modern hall of the Hermitage No. 26). Between the second and first floors were double arches of brick. They stood up under the blast. People in the mezzanine were not harmed, but the shock wave lifted the floors and knocked out the windows in the windows. In the dining room (160th Hall of the Hermitage today) a crack broke through the wall. As a result of the explosion, 11 servicemen were killed, who on that day carried guard in the palace, 56 people were injured. The surviving sentries, despite their injuries and wounds, continued to remain in their posts. They did not give up their seats even after the arrival of the change of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky regiment, until they were replaced by a diluting corporal, also wounded in the explosion. All the servicemen who died that day were heroes of the Russian-Turkish war, which ended very recently. The sentries were buried in a mass grave in St. Petersburg, in the Smolensk cemetery. A monument to the Heroes-Finns was erected on a granite-covered platform. By the decree of the emperor, all the victims were presented to cash payments, awards and other incentives. The families of the dead were transferred by the same order "to an eternal boarding house." Despite the frost and the threat of a new terrorist attack, on February 7, Alexander I went to the funeral. After 5 days, the Supreme Administrative Commission was established - an extraordinary state body to combat revolutionary aggression. After the explosion in the Winter Palace, Stepan Khalturin was sent by the Narodnaya Volya to Moscow.

The murder of prosecutor Strelnikov

In 1882, March 18, Stepan Khalturin, along with NA Zhelvakov, was in Odessa. Here he participated in the murder of the prosecutor. Golovakov inflicted a mortal wound to Strelnikov with a shot from the pistol. Khalturin had to take him from the scene of the crime, dressed as a cabman. However, they could not escape: they were detained by passers-by. Calling the investigation other names, Khalturin and Zhelvakov, on the orders of Alexander III, were tried and hanged by unidentified persons in 1882, on March 22.

Conclusion

In the years of Soviet power, Khalturin was ranked among the most revered revolutionaries. Lenin spoke very well of him and his work on the creation of underground organizations. In 1923 a monument to Stepan Khalturin was erected in Kirov. In addition, the sculpture of the revolutionary is present in Orlov, Zaton (Kirov region). The name of Stepan Khalturin is also called the steamer.