Poetic syntax: features, examples. Anaphora, epiphora

Poetry is an incredible genre of literature that relies on rhyme, that is, all the lines in the poetic work rhyme among themselves. However, poems and various similar works related to this genre would not be so impressive if it were not for poetic syntax. What it is? It is a system of special means of constructing speech, which are responsible for improving its expressiveness. Simply put, poetic syntax is a collection of these poetic means, which are often called figures. It is about these figures that will be discussed in this article - you will learn about the various means of expressiveness that can often be found in poetic works.

Repeat

Poetic syntax is very diverse, it includes dozens of expressive tools that can be used in certain situations. However, this article will only tell you about the most important and common figures of poetic speech. And the first, without which it is impossible to imagine a poetic syntax, is a repetition. There are a lot of different repetitions, each of which has its own characteristics. You can meet in poetry epanalipsis, anadiplosis much more, but in this article will be told about the two most common forms - anaphora and epiphora

Anaphora

Peculiarities of poetic syntax assume the use of various means of expressiveness in combinations with the rest, but most often poets use repetitions. And the most popular among them is the anaphora. What it is? Anaphora is the repetition of consonances or identical words at the beginning of each of the lines of a poem or a part of it.

"No matter how hard the hand of fate,

No matter how people cheat people ... "

This is one of the ways of the semantic and aesthetic organization of speech, which can be used to give this or that accent to what has been said. However, the figures of poetic speech can be varied, and even the repetitions, as you have already learned, can differ from each other.

Epiphora

What is an epiphany? This is also a repetition, however it differs from anaphora. The difference is that in this case the words are repeated at the end of the lines of the poem, and not at the beginning.

"Steppes and roads

The account is not over;

Stones and rapids

No account found. "

As in the case of the previous figure, the epiphany is an expressive means and can give the poem a special expression. Now you know what epiphany is, but the means of expressiveness in poetry do not end there. As already mentioned, the syntax of poems is very extensive and gives unlimited possibilities.

Polysyndetone

The poetic language is very harmonious precisely because poets use various means of poetic syntax. Among them is often found polysyndeton, which is also called multi-union. This expressive means, which due to redundancy gives the poem a special tone. Often a polysyndeton is used together with an anaphora, that is, repeated alliances begin at the beginning of the line.

Asyndeton

The poetic syntax of the poem is a collection of various poetic figures, you have already learned about this earlier. However, you still do not know even a small fraction of the means used for poetic expressiveness. About the multi-union you have already read - it's time to learn about and about the alliance, that is, asyndeton. In this case, the lines of the poem are generally without any unions, even in those cases where, logically, they must be present. Most often this tool is used in long rows of homogeneous members, which are eventually listed through a comma to create a certain atmospheric.

Parallelism

This expressive tool is very interesting, because it allows the author to beautifully and effectively compare any two concepts. Strictly speaking, the essence of this technique lies in the open and detailed comparison of two different concepts, but not simply, but in the same or similar syntactic constructions. For example:

"The day is like spreading the grass.

Night - I wash with tears ».

Anjangemann

Anjambeman - this is a rather complex expressive tool, which is not so easy to use competently and beautifully. If to speak in simple words, this is a transfer, but it is by no means the most ordinary one. In this case, the part of the sentence is transferred from one line to another, but in such a way that the semantic and syntactic part of the previous one turns out to be on the other line. To better understand what is meant, it's easier to look at an example:

"In the ground, laughing that the first

I got up, in the morning the crown. "

As you can see, the sentence "To the ground, laughing that first rose" is one separate part, and "in the dawn of a crown" - another. However, the word "got up" is transferred to the second line, and it turns out that the rhythm is observed.

Inversion

Inversion in poems occurs very often - it gives them a poetic connotation, and also ensures the creation of rhyme and rhythm. The essence of this technique is to change the word order to an atypical one. For example, you can take the sentence "A solitary sail grows white in the blue fog of the sea". Is this a poem? No. Is it a correctly constructed sentence with the correct order of words? Absolutely. But what happens if you use inversion?

"The lonely sail is white

In the fog of the blue sea. "

As you can see, the proposal was not entirely correct - its meaning is clear, but the word order does not correspond to the norm. But at the same time the proposal became much more expressive, and also now fits into the general rhythm and rhyme of the poem.

Antithesis

Another technique that is used very often is an antithesis. Its essence lies in contrasting the images and concepts used in the poem. This technique gives the poem a drama.

Graduation

This technique is a syntactic structure in which there is a certain set of words arranged in a specific order. This can be either a descending order, or an order of increasing importance and importance of these words. Thus, each subsequent word either reinforces the importance of the previous one, or weakens it.

Rhetorical question and rhetorical appeal

Rhetoric in poetry is used very often, and in many cases it is addressed to the reader, but often it is used to address specific characters. What is the essence of this phenomenon? The rhetorical question is a question that does not involve an answer to it. It is used to attract attention, and not for someone to come up with an answer and report it. Approximately the same situation with rhetorical treatment. It would seem that the appeal is used in order for him to respond to the one to whom they apply. However, rhetorical treatment, again, is used only as a means of attracting attention.