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Norms of bread in besieged Leningrad: rations of blockade workers

The norms of bread in besieged Leningrad Were clearly defined for different sectors of the population. This was the only and most reliable way of distributing products, giving hope for life. How could you survive in a cold, besieged city, receiving only 125 grams of bread a day? The answer to this question lies in the immense power of the spirit of the people of that time and the unshakable faith in victory. The blockade of Leningrad is a story that must be known and remembered in the name of heroism of the people who gave their lives and survived the most terrible blockade in the history of mankind.

Blockade: historical information

900 days, which lasted from September 1941 to January 1944, went down in history as the most tragic days, which claimed at least 800 thousand lives of the inhabitants of this city.

Leningrad occupied an important place in terms of the German command, which was called "Barbarossa." After all, this city, according to the developed strategy of German Field Marshal Paulus, was to precede the capture of Moscow. Hitler's plans were not to be realized. Defenders of Leningrad did not allow us to seize the city. Turned into an impregnable fortress, Leningrad for a long time kept the movement of the German army deep into the country.

The city was in blockade, besides the Nazis began actively destroying Leningrad with heavy artillery and aviation.

The worst test

Hunger - this is what affected most of the population of Leningrad. To the besieged city were blocked all the ways that made it possible to deliver food. Leningradians were left alone with their misfortune.

Norms of bread in besieged Leningrad declined fivefold. The famine began due to the fact that at the time of the blockade, there was not enough fuel and food in the city. Lake Ladoga is the only way that food was delivered, but the possibilities of this way of transporting products did not meet the needs of the inhabitants of Leningrad.

Mass hunger was complicated by the harsh winter, hundreds of thousands of people could not survive in the besieged city.

The ration of the Leningraders

More than 2 million civilians lived in Leningrad at the time of the blockade. When the enemies began to actively destroy the city, shelling, bombing and fires became regular, many tried to leave the city. However, all roads were reliably blocked.

On the existing sovkhoz fields of the besieged city, they carefully collected everything that could be eaten. But these measures did not save us from hunger. As early as November 20, the rates of bread delivery in blockade Leningrad were reduced for the fifth time. In addition to bread, people received virtually nothing. Such rations served as the beginning of the cruelest famine in the history of Leningrad.

The truth about the famine: historical documents

During the war, the facts of the mass hunger of the Leningraders were hushed up. The leaders of the defense of the city with all their might prevented the appearance of information about this tragedy in printed publications. When the war was over, the blockade of Leningrad was viewed as a tragedy. However, the measures that the government has taken in connection with the overcoming of famine have received virtually no attention.

Now the extracted collections of documentation from the archives of Leningrad make it possible to shed light on this question.

Shed light on the problem of hunger in Leningrad, information about the work of the office "Tsentrzagotzerno." From this document, which informs about the state of grain resources in the second half of 1941, you can find out that as early as July of the same year the situation with grain stocks was strained. Therefore, it was decided to return to the ports of the city steamships with grain, which went for export.

While there was an opportunity, on the railway in the strengthened mode in a city have transported structures in which there was a grain. These actions contributed to the fact that until November 1941 the bakery industry worked without interruptions.

What caused the closure of the railway connection

The military situation simply required that the daily rate of bread in blockade Leningrad be increased. However, when the railway communication was blocked, the food resources fell significantly. Already in September 1941, measures to save food tightened.

The rate of delivery of bread to the inhabitants of the besieged Leningrad was sharply reduced. For the period from September to November of the first year of the war, workers who received 800 grams began to give out only 250 grams. Employees who received 600 g each were reduced to rations up to 125 g. The same amount of bread was also given to children who used to have 400 In

According to the reports of the NKVD of the Leningrad Region, the death rate of city residents has increased dramatically. People who are over 40 years of age and infants are especially hard at the blockade.

Dates for reducing bread norms in besieged Leningrad

The norms of issuing bread to the population existed even before the blockade began. According to archival documents, as of September 2, 1941, the greatest number (800 g) was received by the military and working in hot shops. 200 g less was used by workers who worked in factories. Half of the workers' hot shop saling was given to employees whose rations were 400 g. Children and dependents were given 300 grams of bread each.

On September 11, on the 4th day of the blockade, all norms for the issuance of rations to workers and employees were reduced by 100 g.

October 1, 1941 standards of bread in besieged Leningrad were again reduced: for workers per 100 g, children and dependents were given 200 grams each.

November 13 there was another cut in the norm. And in 7 days, on November 20, again a decision was made about the most severe saving of grain stocks. The minimum norm of bread in besieged Leningrad Was determined - 125 g.

The period from November 20 to December 25, 1941 is considered the most difficult in the history of the blockade, because this is the time when the ration was reduced to a minimum. During this period, employees, children and dependents received only 125 grams of bread, 250 grams were required for the worker, and 375 for those who worked in hot shops. Reduced bread norms in besieged Leningrad served to the fact that many residents of the city could not survive this period. Having no food reserves, people were doomed to death. In fact, except for the cherished 125 g of blockade bread, they had nothing. And this ration was not always given due to bombing.

Since December 25, the norms of bread rations for all categories of the supplied population have started to increase, this has given not only strength to the townspeople, but also a belief in the victory over the enemy.

The bread norms in besieged Leningrad were increased due to the sacrifices of many people who provided the functioning of the Road of Life through Lake Ladoga. The enemy mercilessly fired at this rescue site, which allowed not only to arrange the delivery of grain to the city, but also to evacuate part of the population. Often, fragile ice was the reason that cars with grain just drowned.

In 1942, the divers began to take the divers from the bottom of the lake. The work of these people is heroic, because they had to work under enemy fire. First, the grain was extracted manually by buckets. Later, for these purposes, a special pump was used, which was designed to clean the soil.

What baked bread was baked from

The grain reserves in the city were minimal. Therefore, blockade bread was very different from the usual bakery product for us. When baking, various inedible impurities were added to the flour in order to save the main component of the recipe. It should be noted that inedible impurities were often more than half.

To reduce the consumption of flour, from September 23 was stopped beer production. All stocks of barley, bran, malt and soy were sent to bakeries. Since September 24, oats have been added to the bread with husk, later pulp and wallpaper dust.

After December 25, 1941, the impurities from the composition practically disappeared. But most importantly - from this moment the norm of bread in besieged Leningrad, whose photo can be seen in the article, was increased.

Figures and Facts

During the blockade, 6 bread-baking plants baked uninterrupted bread on the territory of the city.

From the very beginning of the blockade, bread was baked from flour, to which malt, oats and soybeans were added. About 8,000 tons of malt and 5,000 tons of oats were used as an edible admixture.

Later, cotton cake was found in an amount of 4 thousand tons. Scientists have conducted several experiments, which proved that at high temperatures, the poisonous substance contained in the cake is destroyed. So in the blockade bread began to enter and cotton cake.

Years pass, people who have witnessed that terrible period leave, history leaves. And only we are able to preserve the memory of the terrible blockade that the city of Leningrad defeated. Remember! For the sake of the heroic deed of the survivors and dead residents of Leningrad!

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