Metrological support is what? Technical fundamentals of metrological support

The system of metrological support, in accordance with Art. 71 of the Constitution, is in federal jurisdiction. The norm establishes centralized leadership of the state with key issues in this sphere. In pursuance of Art. 71 federal laws defining the basics of metrological support were adopted.

Structure of the Institute

The metrological support system covers various areas of the company's activities. It includes standards, standards, metric norms, rules for calculating time. Metrological support is a complex of certain regulating operations. They include:

1. Establishment of requirements. Metrological provision of measurements, for example, involves determining the parameters of their reliability.
2. Planning. Within the framework of this operation, measurement schemes are developed for the development of techniques.
3. Selection of equipment and tools. It is carried out taking into account the established parameters of the reliability of the results.
4. Statistical processing. During this operation, the results obtained from the measurements are generalized and their reliability is estimated.
5. Interlaboratory comparison. In the course of this procedure, the reliability parameters of the measurement results are organized and monitored. In particular, measurements are taken in different places, and then the obtained indicators are compared.

Metrology is the scientific basis. Within the framework of this discipline, methods for measuring measurements, methods for achieving the required accuracy are studied.

ICG

Metrological support for the uniformity of measurements is regulated at the federal level. The corresponding institute has been established and is functioning in the Russian Federation. The state system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements is a set of normative acts of the interbranch and interregional levels. They set norms, requirements and rules, aimed at achieving and maintaining the unity of measurements in the country with proper accuracy. The documents are approved by Rosstandart.

Objects

Metrological assurance of measurements covers:

1. Units of physical. Values.
2. Verification schemes and state standards.
3. Methods and instruments of verification.
4. Methods of rationing and nomenclature of parameters of measuring instruments.
5. Indicators of accuracy.
6. Ways of expression, forms of representation of parameters and results.
7. Measurement methods.
8. Methods for assessing reliability, the form of providing information about the properties of materials and substances.
9. Requirements for samples.
10. Definitions and terms.
11. Organization and procedure for performing tests, metrological certification and verification, calibration, examination of regulatory, technical, technological, design, design documentation.

Theoretical basis

Metrological support is a collection:

1. State standards. They are set for units nat. Values. The complex includes 114 basic and more than 250 secondary standards.
2. Operations to transfer the size of units nat. Values from the samples to the working means of measurement.
3. Procedures for the development, issuance of tools and equipment for the implementation of measurements.
4. Operations on state tests.
5. Calibration and calibration procedures.
6. Standard samples of properties and composition of materials and substances, reference information on their physical constants and characteristics.

Subjects

Metrological support is an activity that falls within the scope of competence:

1. HMS. The State Metrology Service is headed by the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation.
2. Authorized state bodies of management of the Russian Federation and legal entities. They form a network of organizations and institutions working across the country in the field of metrological support.

In their activities, these entities are guided by sectoral legislative acts.

Scientific and technical basis

At present, metrological support is an active tool used to create efficient technological processes, the introduction of flexible automated schemes, reliable evaluation and analysis of the properties of finished products. More recently, this field of activity was considered to be applied. The standards in force were aimed at metrological support of production and operation, as well as improvement of the development of devices for measuring. However, modernity poses new challenges. Today, metrological control is a set of organizational and technical measures aimed at obtaining and subsequently applying the results of measurements of the required accuracy.

Key processes

Metrological support of production includes:

1. Determination of the nomenclature of the parameters of products, materials, processes to be evaluated at different stages.
2. The choice of the list and numerical values for indicators of accuracy of the results of measurements, checks and controls, the forms of their provision. They should contribute to the optimal solution of the tasks for which the results are intended.
3. Expertise of design, technological and project documentation. It is carried out to verify the correctness of the results of solving previous problems.
4. Planning of tests, measurements, development and certification of techniques.
5. Selection of appropriate tools. Metrological support of tests, measurements, estimations can be carried out with the use of serial production equipment. In addition, the norms allow the development and certification of non-standardized devices.
6. Maintenance of the equipment in good working order. Means of metrological support must undergo a regular check for operability and suitability for use.
7. Performing measurements, processing results (if necessary).

Metrological support of the organization includes training and raising the qualification level of employees whose activities are concerned with obtaining and using evaluation results, measurements and inspections.

Responsible persons

The set of measures listed above is performed by authorized technical services. They are responsible for the metrological support of the enterprise and are associated with data processing, instrumentation and regulatory support of the processes for obtaining them. The choice of the nomenclature of quantities and parameters is carried out by designers, developers of new operations, materials or products on the basis of modeling and studying their properties. Determination of the accuracy standards is performed by those subjects for which they are intended - manufacturers, sellers or users of processes, products or raw materials.

Expertise is carried out by professionally trained groups of specialists. They include designers, technologists, employees of departmental metrology services. The planning and execution of measurements, inspections, and analysis falls within the competence of scientific and technical personnel. These specialists develop and implement technological processes for the production of products and materials. Metrological support of control, inspections and measurements is carried out in a centralized manner. Responsible subjects are ministries developing appropriate tools and methods. Provision can also be decentralized. It is carried out by subjects performing measurements, inspections and supervising compliance with established requirements. Maintenance of funds in working order is provided by technical services. Their competence includes attestation, verification, repair of equipment.

MVI

The method of performing measurements is a set of tools, methods and rules for preparing and performing measurements, processing and providing results.

The content, conditions and sequence of these actions are subject to certain requirements. They are called measurement rules. These requirements contribute to the complete solution of specific tasks. The rules provide information about the magnitude of the measurement by a certain method and technical tools. If they are observed, the data are also fixed in a form convenient for later use.

The second component of the MVI is technical means. They include tools for direct measurement, as well as auxiliary equipment. The latter is necessary for the creation of appropriate conditions and regimes. Examples of auxiliary devices are communication channels, screening and thermostatic installations, vibration dampers and so on.

The third component of the MIS is the measurement method. It includes a set of principles and tools. There are methods of indirect and direct measurements. The latter are considered common. For example, they include zero, differential, difference methods, direct evaluation. They allow in some cases to compensate or eliminate significant errors. Methods of indirect measurements usually reflect in the names the physical principles on which they are based. They include a large set of techniques.

An Important Moment

Development and certification of methods are inherently the only ways to implement a guaranteed metrological assurance of production and product testing. This is related to the following. As a key feature of the development of measurement techniques today is the introduction of the practical use of indirect methods. They are based on newly discovered phenomena and patterns. Metrological quality assurance by these methods is accompanied by high accuracy and resolving power. Indirect methods allow us to identify large ranges in those areas where direct methods do not work. In this case, errors are used as the determining indicators of accuracy. They are caused by the incompleteness of equations describing the dependence of quantities measured indirectly on the quantitative properties of phenomena and processes. An important factor is the inconsistency of empirical or theoretical coefficients when the properties of objects, conditions and modes of measurements change. In addition, with the use of multi-block complex systems, the characteristics of the auxiliary equipment have a great influence on the formation of common errors.

Attestation MVI

It is a study aimed at estimating the maximum permissible measurement errors that are performed using this technique. The purpose of attestation is to establish a correspondence between deviations and given norms. In some cases, in practice, the "maximum goal" is set. It involves the definition of regimes, procedures, conditions under which errors are minimized.

Main Approaches

The method of attestation is chosen depending on the complexity of the tasks, the methods used. The calculation approach is used when performing the simplest measurements. As a rule, for them, the error characteristics are determined by the normalized values given in the technical documentation. The calculation-experimental method of attestation is based on the element-by-element analysis of probable causes, factors and sources of deviations. Complexity in this case is not so much an analysis as a reasonable identification of circumstances that significantly affect the error. The essence of the experimental method consists in the direct and direct comparison of the results obtained with measurements performed simultaneously and under certain conditions by more accurate instruments and methods.