Linear Motor On-Vehicle Linear Compressor

Linear motor on vehicle

In the internal combustion engines that are customary for us, the initial link is the pistons, they perform reciprocating motion. Then this movement, with the help of the crank mechanism is transformed into a rotational mechanism. In some devices, the first and last link performs one type of motion.  

For example, in the engine-generator it is not necessary to first convert the reciprocating motion into a rotational motion , and then, in the generator, from this rotational movement to extract a rectilinear component, that is, to make two opposite transformations.

The modern development of electronic conversion technology allows to adapt the output voltage of a linear electric generator to the consumer, this makes it possible to create a device in which a part of a closed electrical circuit performs non-rotational motion in a magnetic field, and reciprocating along with the con rod of an internal combustion engine. Schemes explaining the principle of the traditional and linear generator are shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Diagram of a linear and conventional generator.

In a conventional generator, a wire frame rotating in a magnetic field and driven by an external propulsor is used to produce the voltage. In the proposed generator, the wire frame moves linearly in a magnetic field. This small and unprincipled difference makes it possible to greatly simplify and reduce the cost of the propulsion engine if the internal combustion engine is used in its quality.

Also, in the piston compressor, driven by a piston engine, the input and output link performs a reciprocating motion, Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. Diagram of a linear and conventional compressor.

Advantages of a linear motor

1. Small size and weight, due to the lack of crank mechanism.
2. High MTBF, due to lack of crank mechanism and due to the presence of only longitudinal loads.
3. Low price, because of the lack of crank mechanism.
4. Technological - for the manufacture of parts only non-labor-intensive operations are required, turning and milling.
5. The ability to switch to another type of fuel without stopping the engine.

Ignition control with pressure when compressing the working mixture.

A conventional motor for supplying an electrical voltage (current) to the spark plug must satisfy two conditions:

- the first condition is determined by the kinematics of the crank mechanism - the piston must be at the top dead center (ignoring the ignition timing);

- the second condition is determined by the thermodynamic cycle - the pressure in the combustion chamber, before the duty cycle, must correspond to the fuel used.

At the same time, it is very difficult to fulfill the two conditions. When compressing air or a working mixture, a leakage of compressible gas in the combustion chamber occurs through the piston rings, etc. The slower the compression occurs (the motor shaft rotates more slowly), the leakage is higher. In this case, the pressure in the combustion chamber, before the operating cycle, becomes less than optimal and the operating cycle occurs under suboptimal conditions. The efficiency of the engine falls. That is to ensure a high efficiency of the engine can only be in a narrow range of speeds of rotation of the output shaft.

Therefore, for example, the efficiency of the engine on the stand is about 40%, and in real conditions, in a car, under different driving regimes, this value drops to 10 ... 12%.

There is no crank mechanism in the linear motor, therefore it is not necessary to fulfill the first condition, it does not matter where the piston is located before the duty cycle, only the gas pressure in the combustion chamber before the duty cycle matters. Therefore, if the supply of electrical voltage (current) to the spark plug will not be controlled by the position of the piston but by the pressure in the combustion chamber, the operating cycle (ignition) will always begin at the optimum pressure, regardless of the frequency of the engine, Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. Ignition control by pressure in the cylinder, in the "compression" cycle.

Thus, in any operating mode of the linear motor, we will have the maximum loop area of the Carnot thermodynamic cycle, respectively, and a high efficiency at different engine operating conditions.

Controlling the ignition with the help of pressure in the combustion chamber also makes it possible to "painlessly" switch to other types of fuel. For example, when switching from a high-octane fuel type to a low-octane type, in a linear engine, one only needs to give the command to the ignition system so that the supply of electric voltage (current) to the spark plug occurs at a lower pressure. In a conventional engine for this, it would be necessary to change the geometric dimensions of the piston or cylinder.

Implement the ignition control by pressure in the cylinder with the help of

Piezoelectric or capacitive pressure measurement method.

The pressure sensor is made in the form of a washer, which is placed under the nut of the cylinder head mounting bolt, Fig. 3. The force of the gas pressure in the compression chamber, acts on the pressure sensor, which is located under the nut of the cylinder head mounting. And information about the pressure in the compression chamber is transmitted to the ignition timing control unit. At a pressure in the chamber corresponding to the ignition pressure of the fuel, the ignition system applies an electric voltage (current) to the spark plug. With a sharp increase in pressure, which corresponds to the beginning of the operating cycle, the ignition system removes the electrical voltage (current) from the spark plug. If there is no increase in pressure after a preset time, which corresponds to the absence of the beginning of the operating cycle, the ignition system gives the starting signal of the engine. Also, the output signal of the cylinder pressure sensor is used to determine the frequency of the engine and its diagnostics (definition of compression, etc.).

The squeezing force is directly proportional to the pressure in the combustion chamber. After the pressure, in each of the opposite cylinders, becomes no less than the preset (depending on the type of fuel used), the control system gives the command to ignite the fuel mixture. If necessary, switch to another type of fuel, the value of the preset (reference) pressure changes.

Also, the adjustment of the ignition timing of the fuel mixture can be carried out in an automatic mode, as in a conventional engine. On the cylinder there is a microphone - a detonation sensor. The microphone converts the mechanical sound vibrations of the cylinder housing into an electrical signal. A digital filter, from this set of sums of the sinusoid of the electrical voltage, extracts a harmonic (sinusoid) corresponding to the detonation mode. When a signal appears at the filter output corresponding to the appearance of a detonation in the engine, the control system reduces the value of the reference signal, which corresponds to the ignition pressure of the combustible mixture. If there is no signal to the corresponding detonation, the control system, after a while, increases the value of the reference signal, which corresponds to the ignition pressure of the combustible mixture, until the frequencies of the preceding detonation appear. Again, with the appearance of the frequencies preceding the detonation, the system lowers the reference signal, which corresponds to a decrease in the ignition pressure, to a non-knock-on ignition. Thus, the ignition system is adjusted to the type of fuel used.

The principle of operation of a linear motor.

The principle of operation of a linear, as well as a conventional internal combustion engine, is based on the effect of thermal expansion of gases that occurs when a fuel-air mixture burns and ensures the displacement of the piston in the cylinder. The connecting rod transmits the rectilinear reciprocating motion of the piston to a linear electric generator, or a piston compressor.

Linear generator, Fig. 4, consists of two piston pairs working in antiphase, which makes it possible to balance the engine. Each pair of pistons is connected by a rod. The connecting rod is suspended on linear bearings and can freely oscillate, together with the pistons, in the generator housing. Pistons are placed in the cylinders of the internal combustion engine. The cylinders are purged through the scavenging windows, under the influence of a small excess pressure created in the pre-opening chamber. On the connecting rod is a mobile part of the magnetic circuit of the generator. The excitation winding creates a magnetic flux necessary for generating an electric current. In the reciprocating motion of the connecting rod, and along with it, parts of the magnetic circuit, the lines of magnetic induction created by the excitation winding cross the stationary power winding of the generator, inducing in it the electric voltage and current (with a closed electrical circuit).

Fig. 4. Linear gasoline generator.

Linear compressor, Fig. 5, consists of two piston pairs, working in antiphase, which makes it possible to balance the engine. Each pair of pistons is connected by a rod. The connecting rod is suspended on linear bearings and can freely oscillate together with the pistons in the housing. Pistons are placed in the cylinders of the internal combustion engine. The cylinders are purged through the scavenging windows, under the influence of a small excess pressure created in the pre-opening chamber. With the reciprocating motion of the connecting rod, and with it the pistons of the compressor, the air under pressure is fed into the compressor receiver.

Fig. 5. Linear Compressor.

The duty cycle in the engine is carried out in two cycles.

1. The compression cycle. The piston moves from the bottom dead point of the piston to the top dead center of the piston, overlapping the purge windows first. After the piston is closed with purge windows, fuel is injected and the compression of the fuel mixture begins in the cylinder. In the pre-chamber under the piston, a vacuum is created, under the action of which air enters the pre-inlet chamber through the opening valve.

2. Working stroke. At the position of the piston near the top dead center, the compressed working mixture is ignited by an electric spark from the candle, resulting in the temperature and pressure of the gases rising sharply. Under the influence of thermal expansion of the gases, the piston moves to the bottom dead center, while the expanding gases perform useful work. Simultaneously, the piston creates a high pressure in the pre-chamber. Under pressure, the valve closes, thus preventing air from entering the intake manifold.

Ventilation system

With the working stroke in the cylinder, Fig. 6 The working stroke, the piston under the action of pressure in the combustion chamber, moves in the direction indicated by the arrow. Under the influence of excess pressure in the pre-inlet chamber, the valve is closed, and here air is compressed to vent the cylinder. When the piston (compression rings) reaches the purging windows, Fig. 6 ventilation, the pressure in the combustion chamber drops sharply, and then the piston with the rod moves inertially, that is, the mass of the moving part of the generator plays the role of a flywheel in a conventional engine. At the same time, the purging windows and compressed air, which is compressed in the pre-inlet chamber, are completely opened, under the influence of the pressure difference (pressure in the pre-opening chamber and atmospheric pressure), blows the cylinder. Further, in the operating cycle in the opposite cylinder, a compression cycle is performed.

When the piston moves in compression compression mode, Fig. 6 compression, the purge windows are closed by the piston, liquid fuel is injected, at this moment the air in the combustion chamber is under a slight excess pressure of the beginning of the compression cycle. With further compression, as soon as the pressure of the compressible fuel mixture becomes equal to the reference pressure (set for this type of fuel), electric voltage will be applied to the spark plug electrodes, the mixture will ignite, the duty cycle will begin and the process will be repeated. In this case, the internal combustion engine is only two coaxial and oppositely arranged cylinders and a piston interconnected mechanically.

Fig. 6. Linear motor ventilation system.

Fuel pump

The drive of the fuel pump of the linear electric generator is a cam surface, sandwiched between the pump piston roller and the pump housing roller, Fig. 7. The cam surface reciprocates with the connecting rod of the internal combustion engine and expands the piston and pump rollers at each stroke, while the pump piston moves relative to the pump cylinder and the fuel portion is ejected to the fuel injection nozzle at the beginning of the compression cycle. If it is necessary to change the number of fuel pushed out in one stroke, the cam surface is rotated relative to the longitudinal axis. When the cam surface is rotated relative to the longitudinal axis, the pump piston rollers and the pump housing rollers will move apart or shift (depending on the direction of rotation) by a different distance, the stroke of the fuel pump piston will change and the portion of the ejected fuel will change. The rotation of the reciprocating cam on its axis is carried out by means of a stationary shaft that engages the cam via a linear bearing. Thus, the cam moves back and forth, and the shaft remains stationary. When the shaft rotates around its axis, the cam surface rotates around its axis and the stroke of the fuel pump changes. The shaft of the change in the portion of the fuel injection is driven by a stepper motor or manually.

Fig. 7. The fuel pump of the linear electric generator.

The drive of the fuel pump of the linear compressor is also a cam surface clamped between the plane of the pump piston and the plane of the pump housing, Fig. 8. The cam surface rotates with the synchronization shaft of the internal combustion engine and pushes the piston and pump planes at each stroke, the pump piston moving relative to the pump cylinder and ejecting a portion of fuel to the fuel injection nozzle at the beginning of the compression cycle . When operating a linear compressor, there is no need to change the amount of fuel ejected. The operation of a linear compressor is only meant in conjunction with an energy storage receiver, which can smooth peak peak loads. Therefore, it is advisable to output the linear compressor motor only in two modes: the optimum load mode and the idle speed mode. Switching between these two modes is carried out by means of solenoid valves, control system.

Fig. 8. The fuel pump of the linear compressor.

Starting system

The starting system of the linear motor is carried out, as in a conventional engine, with the help of an electric drive and an energy storage device. Start of the normal engine is by means of a starter (electric drive) and a flywheel (energy store). The linear motor is started by means of a linear electro-compressor and a start-up receiver, Fig. 9.

Fig. 9. Starting system.

At start-up, the piston of the starting compressor, when power is applied, progressively moves due to the electromagnetic field of the winding, and then the spring returns to its original state. After the receiver is pumped up to 8 ... 12 atm, the power is removed from the starting compressor terminals and the engine is ready to start. Start-up occurs by supplying compressed air to the pre-intake chambers of the linear motor. Air supply is carried out by means of electromagnetic valves, the operation of which is controlled by the control system.

Since the control system has no information, in which position the engine rods are located, before starting, the supply of high air pressure to the pre-opening chambers, for example of the outermost cylinders, ensures the pistons are reset to their original state before starting the engine.

Then, high-pressure air is fed into the pre-opening chambers of the middle cylinders, thus ventilation of the cylinders before starting.

After this, the high pressure air is again supplied to the pre-opening chambers of the outer cylinders to start the engine. As soon as the duty cycle starts (the pressure sensor shows the high pressure in the combustion chamber corresponding to the operating cycle), the control system will stop the air supply from the starting receiver by means of electromagnetic valves.

Synchronization system

Synchronization of work of connecting rods of the linear engine is carried out by means of a synchronizing gear wheel and a pair of gear racks, fig. 10 attached to the moving part of the magnetic circuit of the generator or pistons of the compressor. The gear wheel is simultaneously the drive of the oil pump, by means of which forced lubrication of the parts of friction parts of the linear motor is carried out.

Fig. 10. Synchronization of the cranks of the generator.

Reducing the mass of the magnetic circuit and the circuit of turning on the windings of the generator.

The generator of a linear gasoline generator is a synchronous electric machine. In a conventional generator, the rotor rotates and the mass of the moving part of the magnetic circuit is not critical. In a linear generator, the moving part of the magnetic circuit performs reciprocating motion together with the con rod of the internal combustion engine, and the high mass of the movable part of the magnetic circuit makes the operation of the generator impossible. It is necessary to find a method of reducing the mass of the moving part of the magnetic circuit of the generator.

Fig. 11. The generator.

To reduce the mass of the moving part of the magnetic circuit, it is necessary to reduce its geometric dimensions, correspondingly the volume and mass, Fig. 11, will decrease accordingly. But then the magnetic flux crosses only the winding in one pair of windows instead of five, this is equivalent to the magnetic flux crossing the conductor five times shorter respectively , And the output voltage (power) decreases 5 times.

To compensate for the voltage drop of the generator, it is necessary to add the number of turns in one window, so that the length of the power winding conductor becomes the same as in the original version of the generator, Fig. 11.

But in order for a larger number of turns to lie in a window with unchanged geometric dimensions, it is necessary to reduce the cross section of the conductor.

With constant load and output voltage, the thermal load for this conductor in this case will increase, and will become more optimal (the current remains the same, and the cross-section of the conductor has decreased by almost 5 times). This would be the case if the windings of the windows are connected in series, that is, when the load current flows through all the windings simultaneously, as in a conventional generator. But if to the load alternately connect only the winding pair of windows, which is currently crossed by the magnetic flux, then this winding in such a short period of time, will not have time to overheat, as the thermal processes are inertial. That is, you need to alternately connect to the load only that part of the generator winding (a pair of poles), which is crossed by the magnetic flux, the rest of the time it must cool down. Thus, the load is always connected in series with only one winding of the generator.  

In this case, the effective value of the current flowing through the winding of the generator does not exceed the optimum value, from the viewpoint of heating the conductor. Thus, it is possible to significantly, not more than 10 times, reduce the mass of not only the moving part of the magnetic circuit of the generator, but also the mass of the fixed part of the magnetic circuit.

Switching of windings is carried out with the help of electronic keys.

As the keys, for alternately connecting the generator windings to the load, semiconductor devices - thyristors (triacs) are used.

Linear generator, this is a deployed ordinary generator, Fig. eleven.

For example, at a frequency corresponding to 3000 cycles / min and a connecting rod 6 cm, each winding will be heated for 0.00083 sec, 12 times higher than the rated current, the remaining time is almost 0.01 sec, this winding will be cooled. As the operating frequency decreases, the heating time will increase, but, accordingly, the current that flows through the winding and through the load will decrease.  

A triac is a switch (it can close or open an electrical circuit). Closing and opening is automatic. In operation, as soon as the magnetic flux begins to cross windings, an induced voltage appears at the ends of the winding, this leads to the closure of the electrical circuit (opening of the triac). Then, when the magnetic flux crosses the coils of the next winding, the voltage drop across the triac electrodes leads to the opening of the electrical circuit. Thus, at each time point, the load is always on, sequentially, with only one winding of the generator.

In Fig. 12 shows an assembly drawing of the generator without the field winding.

Most of the details of linear motors are formed by a surface of revolution, that is, they have cylindrical shapes. This makes it possible to manufacture them using the cheapest and liable to automate the turning operations.

Fig. 12. Assembly drawing of the generator.

Mathematical model of a linear motor

The mathematical model of a linear generator is based on the law of conservation of energy and Newton's laws: at each instant of time, at t0 and t1, equality of forces acting on the piston should be ensured. After a short time, under the action of the resulting force, the piston will move a certain distance. In this short section we assume that the piston moved at an equally accelerated speed. The value of all forces will change according to the laws of physics and are calculated from known formulas

[Reference book on physics: Kuhling H. Per. With him. 2 nd ed. - Moscow: Mir, 1985. - 520 p., Ill.]. All data is automatically recorded in a table, for example in Excel. After this, t0 is assigned values of t1 and the cycle is repeated. That is, we perform a logarithm operation.

The mathematical model is a table, for example, in the Excel program, and an assembly drawing (sketch) of the generator. On the sketch are not linear dimensions, and the coordinates of the cells of the table in Excel. The corresponding assumed linear dimensions are entered into the table, and the program calculates and builds the piston motion graph in the virtual generator. That is, by substituting the dimensions: the diameter of the piston, the volume of the pre-inlet chamber, the stroke of the pistons to the purging windows, etc., we obtain graphs of the dependence of the distance traveled, the speed and acceleration of the piston's motion on time. This makes it possible to virtually calculate hundreds of options, and choose the most optimal.

Form of the winding wires of the generator.

The layer of wires of one window of a linear generator, in contrast to a conventional generator, lies in one plane twisted in a spiral, so it is easier to wind the winding with wires not of circular cross-section, but rectangular, that is, the winding is a spiral wound copper plate. This makes it possible to increase the window filling factor, as well as significantly increase the mechanical strength of the windings. It should be borne in mind that the speed of the connecting rod, and hence the moving part of the magnetic circuit, is not the same. This means that the lines of magnetic induction cross the winding of different windows with different speeds. To fully use the winding wires, the number of turns of each window must correspond to the speed of the magnetic flux near this window (the speed of the connecting rod). The number of windings of the windings of each window is selected taking into account the dependence of the speed of the connecting rod on the distance traveled by the connecting rod.

Also, for a more uniform voltage of the generated current, it is possible to wind the winding of each window with a copper plate of different thickness. In the area where the speed of the connecting rod is not large, the winding is carried out by a plate of smaller thickness. A larger number of windings will fit in the window and, at a lower connecting rod speed in this section, the generator will produce a voltage commensurate with the current at more "high-speed" sections, although the generated current will be much lower.

Application of a linear power generator.

The main application of the described generator is the uninterruptible power supply in small power plants, which allows the connected equipment to work for a long time in case of mains voltage failure, or when its parameters are out of tolerance.

Electric generators can be used to supply electrical energy to industrial and domestic electrical equipment, in the absence of electrical networks, and as a power unit for a vehicle (hybrid car), as a mobile generator of electrical energy.

For example, the generator of electrical energy in the form of a diplomat (suitcase, bag). The user takes with him to places where there are no electrical networks (construction, trekking, country house, etc.). If necessary, by pressing the "start" button, the generator starts and supplies electrical power to the connected electrical devices: power tools, household Devices. It is an ordinary source of electrical energy, only much cheaper and easier than analogues.

The use of linear motors makes it possible to create an inexpensive, easy to operate and manage, light car.

Vehicle with linear electric generator

The vehicle with a linear electric generator is a double light (250 kg) car, Fig. 13.

Fig. 13. A car with a linear gasoline generator.

When controlling, it is not necessary to switch the speed (two pedals). Due to the fact that the generator can develop the maximum power, even when "starting" from the place (unlike a conventional car), the overclock characteristics, even with small traction engine powers, have better performance than similar characteristics of conventional cars. The effect of strengthening the steering wheel and ABS system is achieved programmatically, as all the necessary "iron" is already there (the drive on each wheel allows you to control the torque or braking torque of the wheel, for example, when turning the rudder, the torque between the right and left steering wheel is redistributed, and the wheels turn themselves , The driver only allows them to turn, that is, control effortlessly). Block layout allows you to arrange the car at the request of the consumer (you can easily replace the generator for a few more powerful).

This is an ordinary car only much cheaper and easier than analogues.

Features - ease of management, cheapness, speed dialing, power up to 12 kW, all-wheel drive (off-road vehicle).

The vehicle with the proposed generator, because of the specific shape of the generator, has a very low center of gravity, so it will have high stability when driving.

Also such a vehicle will have very high acceleration characteristics. In the proposed vehicle, the maximum power of the power unit can be used for the entire speed range.

The distributed mass of the power unit does not load the car body, so it can be made cheap, easy and simple.

The traction motor of a vehicle, in which a linear electric generator is used as the power unit, must satisfy the following conditions:

- the power windings of the motor must be connected directly to the generator terminals directly (without an inverter) (to increase the efficiency of the electric transmission and reduce the price of the current converter);

- the speed of rotation of the output shaft of the motor must be regulated in a wide range, and should not depend on the frequency of the generator;

- the engine must have a high operating time for failure, that is, be reliable in operation (do not have a collector);

- The engine should be inexpensive (simple);

- the motor must have a high torque at a low speed of the output shaft;

- The engine must have a small mass.

The circuit for turning on the windings of such an engine is shown in Fig. 14. By changing the polarity of the supply of the winding of the rotor, we obtain the rotor torque.

Also, by changing the magnitude and polarity of the supply of the winding of the rotor, the rotation of the rotor relative to the stator magnetic field is introduced. By controlling the supply current of the rotor winding, slip control occurs, in the range from 0 ... 100%. The power supply of the winding of the rotor is approximately 5% of the motor power, so the current converter must be made not for the entire current of the traction motors, but only for their excitation current. The capacity of the current converter, for example, for an on-board generator of 12 kW, is only 600 W, and this power is divided into four channels (for each traction motor of the wheel, its channel), that is, the power of each converter channel is 150 W. Therefore, the low efficiency of the converter will not have a significant effect on the efficiency of the system. The converter can be built with the help of low-power, low-cost semiconductor elements.

The current from the terminals of the power generator without any transformations is fed to the power windings of the traction motors. Only the excitation current is converted, so that it is always in antiphase with the current of the power windings. Since the excitation current is only 5 ... 6% of the total current consumed by the traction motor, the converter is needed for a power of 5 ... 6% of the total generator power, which will significantly reduce the price and weight of the converter and increase the efficiency of the system. In this case, the drive current converter of the traction motors needs to "know" in which position the motor shaft is located, so that at each instant of time, the current to generate the maximum torque is applied to the field windings. The position sensor of the output shaft of the traction motor is an absolute encoder.

Fig. 14. Scheme of inclusion of windings of the traction motor.

The use of a linear electric generator, as a power unit of a vehicle, makes it possible to create a car of block layout. If necessary, you can change large knots and units within a few minutes, Fig. 15, and also to apply the body with the best flow, since a low-power car does not have a reserve of power to overcome air resistance due to imperfect aerodynamic shapes (due to a high resistance coefficient).

Fig. 15. Ability to block layout.

Vehicle with linear compressor

The vehicle with a linear compressor is a double lightweight (200 kg) car, Fig. 16. This is a simpler and cheaper car analog with a linear generator, but with a lower transmission efficiency.

Fig. 16. Pneumodrive vehicle. Linear motor.

Fig. 17. Control of the drives of wheels.

An incremental encoder is used as a wheel speed sensor. The incremental encoder has a pulse output, when rotating at a certain angle, a voltage pulse is generated at the output. The electronic circuit of the sensor, "counts" the number of pulses per unit of time, and writes this code to the output register. When the control system provides the code (address) of the sensor, the electronic circuit of the encoder, in serial form, outputs the code from the output register to the information conductor. The control system reads the sensor code (wheel speed information) and, according to a given algorithm, generates a code for controlling the stepping motor of the actuator.

Conclusion

The cost of the vehicle, for most people, is 20 ... 50 monthly earnings. People can not afford to buy a new car for 8 ... 12 thousand dollars, and in the market there is no car in the price range of 1 ... 2 thousand $. The use of a linear electric generator or compressor, as a power unit of the car, makes it possible to create an easy-to-use and inexpensive vehicle.

Modern PCB manufacturing technologies and the range of manufactured electronic products make it possible to make almost all electrical connections with the help of two wires - power and information. That is, do not mount the connection of each individual electrical device: sensors, actuating and signaling devices, and connect each device to a common power, and a common information wire. The control system, in turn, outputs the codes (addresses) of the devices, in serial code, to the information wire, and then waits for information about the state of the device, also in the sequential code, and along the same line. Based on these signals, the control system generates control codes for the executive and signaling devices and transmits them, to transfer the executive or signaling devices to a new state (if necessary). Thus, during installation or repair, each device must be connected to two wires (these two wires are common to all on-board electrical appliances) and the electric mass.

To reduce the cost, and therefore the product price for the consumer,

It is necessary to simplify the installation and electrical connections of on-board instruments. For example, with the traditional installation, for the inclusion of a rear parking light, it is necessary to close, with the switch, the electric power circuit of the lighting device. The circuit consists of: a source of electrical energy, a connecting wire, a relatively powerful switch, an electrical load. Each element of the circuit, other than a power source, requires individual installation, an inexpensive mechanical switch, has a low number of "on-off" cycles. With a large number of on-board electrical appliances, the price of installation and connecting wires increases in proportion to the number of devices, the probability of error due to the human factor increases. In large-scale production, it is easier to control the instruments and read the information from the sensors in a single line, rather than individually, for each device. For example, to activate the rear parking light, in this case, you need to touch the touch sensor, the control circuit will generate a control code to activate the rear parking light. On the information wire, the address of the rear parking light switch and the switch-on signal will be displayed, after which the internal tail light circuit will close. That is, electrical circuits are formed in a complex: automatically in the production of printed