Fedor Alexeyevich Romanov. Years of government

Fruitful was Alexei Mikhailovich "Silent" - from two marriages he had 16 children. One interesting fact is that none of the nine daughters married, and the boys born in their first marriage with Miloslavskaya were very painful. The only one of them, Ivan V, being afflicted with all the diseases (from scurvy to paralysis), was 27 years old. He became the father of five girls, one of whom - Anna - has ruled Russia for 10 years.

Who is who

Ivan's eldest elder brother, Fyodor Alekseevich, lived to the full 20 years, from which he was king for six years - from 1676 to 1682. He was the first to have a son, Ilya, who died with his mother immediately after birth. There were no heirs left, so the throne was inherited by younger brothers - Ivan and the father's native Peter, whose mother was Naryshkina. He became the great ruler of Russia.

A young but determined king

Fyodor Alekseevich himself received the throne transferred to his eldest son after his two older brothers, Dmitry (in infancy) and Alexei (at the age of 16), died.

The heir-king, the heir, declared him in 1675, and a year later he became king. Fyodor Alekseevich had a very long title, because Russia was not yet a single state, and all principalities and khanates under its jurisdiction were listed.

The king was young. Of course, there was no hanging from those who wanted to go to the mentors. True, many graduated from the "voluntary" and not very reference. Stepmother Naryshkin was exiled to the Transfiguration with Peter. Maybe, fortunately? After all, the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment comes from those events. By the middle of 1676, AS Matveev, his father's brother-in-law, the first Russian "Westerner" who had previously had almost unlimited power in the country, was sent into exile.

Natural giftedness and a wonderful teacher

Fyodor Alekseevich was a creative man - he composed poems, owned musical instruments and sang rather decently, understood painting. According to contemporaries, in his dying delirium, he read from the memory of Ovid. Not all monarchs, dying, remember the classics. Personality was clearly uncommon.

Fedor was lucky with the teacher. Simeon of Polotsk, a Byelorussian by origin, writer and theologian, a major public figure of Rus, was engaged in his teaching. As a mentor to the royal children, he did not abandon public and literary activity - he founded a printing house in Moscow, opened a school, wrote poetry and plays, treatises and poems. Fedor Alekseevich under his leadership translated and rhymed some psalms from the Psalter. Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov was perfectly educated, he knew Polish, Greek and Latin languages. Especially for him secretaries under the leadership of Simeon of Polotsk were preparing a kind of review of international events.

Historical Injustice

Due to the fact that his government was short (not enough for a month before the 6-year term) and pale between the bright significant periods (the reign of his father, Alexei Mikhailovich "Tisheyshego", and the brother of Peter the Great), Fyodor Alekseyevich Romanov himself remained a little-known ruler . And the representatives of the dynasty do not brag about them very much. Although he possessed both intellect, will, and talents. He could be a great reformer and transformer, the author of the first Russian perestroika. And he became a forgotten king.

At the time of the beginning of his reign, all power was concentrated in the hands of the Miloslavskys and their associates. Fyodor III had enough will, and yet he was a teenager to push them into the shadows, and also bring people of not very noble but intelligent, active, enterprising - IM Lazykov and VV Golitsyn.

The Reforming King

The reign of Fyodor Alekseevich was marked by significant changes.
Born in 1661, as early as 1678 he ordered the beginning of the population census and introduced housekeeping taxation, as a result of which the treasury began to replenish. Strengthening of the state through the toughening of serfdom contributed to the abolition of the father's decree on non-extradition of runaway peasants provided they were received by the army. These were only the first steps. The reign of Fyodor Alekseevich laid the foundation for some reforms adopted by Peter I. Thus, in 1681 a number of measures were taken that formed the basis and allowed Peter to carry out the Provincial Reform, and in the last year of his life Fedor III was preparing a project based on which Petrovsky "Table of Ranks" was created.

The first man with that name in the Romanov family was Fedor Koshka - one of the direct ancestors of the dynasty. The second was Patriarch Filaret (Fedor Nikitich Romanov). The third was Tsar Fyodor Alekseyevich Romanov - an unusual personality, strong and unfairly forgotten. In addition to the most severe hereditary diseases, he suffered from the trauma - at the age of 13 he was moved by sisters during the winter holidays. The times were such - during childbirth, mothers were dying together with newborns, it was impossible to heal the scurvy (it took the form of mora), there were no straps of attachment in the king's sleigh. It turns out that a person was doomed to an early death and the inability to complete the transformations begun. As a result, they forgot about him, and the glory went to others.

All in the name of the country

The internal policy of Fyodor Alekseevich was aimed at the welfare of the state, and he sought to improve the existing situation without cruelty and despotism.
He transformed the Duma, increasing the number of its representatives to 99 people (instead of 66). The tsar placed on them the main responsibility in making state decisions. And this he, and not Peter I, began to give way to people who are not familiar, but educated and active, capable of serving the good of the country. He destroyed the system of giving public office, directly dependent on the nobility of origin. The system of localism ceased to exist in 1682 directly at the meeting of the Zemsky Sobor. To ensure that this law did not remain only on paper, Fedor III ordered to destroy all the digit books in which it was legalized to receive posts by birth. This was the last year of his life, the king was only 20 years old.

Broad restructuring of the state

The policy of Fyodor Alekseevich was aimed at mitigating, if not abolishing the cruelty of criminal prosecution and punishment. He abolished the chopping off of hands for theft.

Is it not worth the surprise of passing the law against luxury? Before his death, he decided to establish the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Simultaneously with it, the spiritual school was to open. What is most surprising, Fyodor Alekseevich first begins to invite teachers from abroad. Even the beards of shaving and shortening of hair began under Tsar Fedor.

The system of taxes and the structure of the army were transformed. Payments became reasonable, and the population began to pay them more or less regularly, replenishing the treasury. And, most surprisingly, he curtailed the rights of the church, significantly limited her interference in secular and state affairs, began the process of liquidating the patriarchate. You read and marvel at all, because all this was attributed to Peter! Obviously, despite all the intrigues of the royal court, he loved his older brother, was able to appreciate the reforms and reforms that he had begun and worthily complete.

Construction Reform

The policy of Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov covered all national economic branches. Active construction of temples and public institutions, new patrimonies appeared, borders were strengthened, gardens were broken. Hands reached the sewer system of the Kremlin. Dwellings designed according to his order deserve special mention, many of which exist even now. Fyodor Alekseevich managed almost completely to reconstruct wooden Moscow in stone. He provided the Muscovites with interest-free loans for the construction of standard chambers. Moscow was changing before our eyes. Thousands of houses were built, thus solving the housing problem of the capital. Some of them caused irritation, the tsar was accused of squandering the treasury. Nevertheless, Russia under Fedor turned into a major power, and her heart, the Red Square, became the face of the country. The environment at it was no less surprising - enterprising, perfectly educated natives of unfamiliar surnames worked near to him for the glory of Russia. And here Peter followed in his footsteps.

Foreign policy successes

The internal reorganization of the state was supplemented also by the foreign policy of Fyodor Alekseevich. He already then tried to return to our country an outlet to the Baltic Sea. The Bakhchisaray Peace Treaty in 1681 annexed the Left Bank Ukraine to Russia. In exchange for the three cities, Kiev became part of Rus in 1678. A new southern post appeared near the town of Izyum, so most of the fertile lands - about 30 thousand square kilometers - were joined to Russia, and new patrimonial estates were formed on it, provided to the nobles who served in the army. And it justified itself completely - Russia won a victory over the Turkish army, which was superior in its number and equipment.

Under Fedor Alekseevich, and not under Peter, the foundations of a regular army were formed, formed on a completely new principle. The regiments of Lefortovsky and Butyrsky were created, which did not betray Peter after the Battle of Narva.

Blatant injustice

It is inexplicably silent about the merits of this king, because with him literacy in Russia has increased three-fold. In the capital - at five. Documents show that it was under Fedor Alekseevich Romanov that poetry flourished, with him, and not under Lomonosov, the first odes began to form. It is impossible to re-read what the young king managed to do. Now many people talk about the triumph of historical justice. It would be good, at its restoration, to pay tribute to this tsar not at the level of abstracts, but to immortalize his name in the pages of history textbooks, so that everyone knows from childhood how wonderful this ruler was.