The Decembrist uprising (briefly). Russian history. Results of the Decembrist uprising

Can I talk briefly about the Decembrist uprising ? The attempt of a coup d'etat is surrounded by so many events and is characterized by so many nuances that whole books are devoted to it. This was the first organized protest against serfdom in Russia, which caused a huge resonance in the society and had a significant impact on the political and social life of the epoch of the reign of Emperor Nicholas I. Nevertheless, in this article we will try to sanctify the Decembrist insurrection briefly.

general information

December 14, 1825 in the capital of the Russian Empire - Petersburg - an attempted coup. The uprising was organized by a group of like-minded noblemen, most of whom were Guards officers. The aim of the conspirators was the abolition of serfdom and the abolition of the autocracy. It should be noted that for their purposes the uprising was significantly different from all other conspiracies of the era of palace coups.

Salvation Union

The war of 1812 had a significant influence on all aspects of human life. There were hopes of possible changes, mainly on the abolition of serfdom. But in order to eliminate serf dependence, it was necessary to restrict the monarchical power constitutionally. The history of Russia of this period was marked by the mass creation on an ideological basis of communities of officers of the Guards, the so-called artels. From two such artels in the very beginning of 1816 the Salvation Union was formed . Its creator was Muraviev Alexander, members of the society were Muravyev Nikita, Sergey Trubetskoy, Ivan Yakushkin, later Pestel Pavel joined. The aims of the Union were the liberation of the peasants and the reform of state administration. Pestel in 1817 wrote the organization's charter, most of the participants were in the Masonic lodges, because the influence of the rituals of the Masons affected the Union's usage. Disagreements among members of the community on the possibility of killing the Tsar in the coup d'état caused the Union to be dissolved in the fall of 1817.

The Union of Welfare

At the beginning of 1818, the Union of Welfare was organized in Moscow - a new secret society. It included two hundred people, concerned with the idea of forming an advanced public opinion, creating a liberal movement. To do this, it was planned to organize legal charitable, literary, educational organizations. More than ten Union administrations were established throughout the country, including in St. Petersburg, Chisinau, Tulchin, Smolensk and other cities. Formed also "side" boards, for example, Nikita Vsevolzhsky's board, "The Green Lamp". Members of the Union had to actively participate in public life, try to occupy high posts in the army, government agencies. The composition of the society changed regularly: the first participants acquired families and moved away from political affairs, they were replaced by new ones. In January 1821, for three days in Moscow, the Congress of the Union of Prosperity was held, conditioned by the differences between the supporters of the moderate and radical currents. The congress was led by Mikhail Fonvizin and Nikolai Turgenev. It turned out that the informers had informed the government about the existence of the Union, and it was decided to formally dissolve it. This made it possible to get rid of people who fell into the community by accident.

Reorganization

The dissolution of the Union of Welfare was a step towards reorganization. There were new societies: the Northern (in St. Petersburg) and the Southern (in Ukraine). The main role in the Northern Society was played by Trubetskoi Sergey, Muraviev Nikita, later - Rileyev Kondraty, a famous poet who rallied the militant Republicans around him. The head of the organization was Pestel Pavel, the active participation was taken by the officers of the guard Naryshkin Mikhail, Gorstkin Ivan, naval officers Chizhov Nikolay and the brothers Bodisko, Mikhail and Boris. In the Southern Society , the brothers Kryukov (Nikolai and Alexander) and the brothers Bobryshevy-Pushkin participated: Pavel and Nikolai, Cherkasov Alexey, Avramov Ivan, Vladimir Likharev, Ivan Kireev.

Preconditions for the events of December 1825

The year of the Decembrist uprising came. The conspirators decided to take advantage of the difficult legal situation that arose around the right to the throne after the death of Alexander I. There was a secret document according to which Konstantin Pavlovich, brother of the childless Alexander I, following the seniority behind him, refused the throne. Thus, the next brother, Nikolai Pavlovich, although extremely unpopular among the military-bureaucratic elite, had the advantage. At the same time, before the secret document was opened, Nikolai hastened to refuse in favor of Constantine from the rights to the throne under the pressure of M. Miloradovich, Governor-General of St. Petersburg.

Change of power

November 27, 1825 the history of Russia began a new round - formally there was a new emperor, Constantine. With his image even several coins were coined. However, Constantine officially did not accept the throne, but he did not renounce it. A very tense and ambiguous position of the interregnum was created. As a result, Nicholas decided to declare himself emperor. An oath was fixed for 14 December. Finally came the change of power - the moment that members of the secret communities were waiting for. It was decided to start the Decembrist uprising.

The uprising of December 14 was the result of the fact that as a result of a lengthy night meeting on the night of 13-14 the Senate nevertheless recognized Nikolai Pavlovich's legal right to the throne. The Decembrists decided to prevent the Senate and the troops from taking the oath to the new tsar. There was no time to hesitate, especially since the minister already had a lot of denunciations on his desk, and arrests could soon begin.

History of the Decembrist uprising

The conspirators planned to occupy the Peter and Paul Fortress and the Winter Palace, to arrest the royal family and, if certain circumstances arise, to kill. Sergei Trubetskoi was elected to lead the insurrection. Further, the Decembrists wanted to demand from the Senate the publication of a national manifesto proclaiming the destruction of the old government and the establishment of an interim government. The members of the new revolutionary government were supposed to make Admiral Mordvinov and Count Speransky. The deputies were tasked with approving the constitution - a new fundamental law. If the Senate refused to publicize a national manifesto containing items on the abolition of serfdom, the equality of all before the law, democratic freedoms, the introduction of mandatory for all classes of military service, the introduction of jury trials, the election of officials, the abolition of poll tax , etc., it was decided to force him Do it forcibly.

Then it was planned to convene a national council, which would decide on the choice of the form of government: a republic or a constitutional monarchy. If the republican form was chosen, the royal family had to be deported from the country. Ryleev initially suggested sending Nikolai Pavlovich to Fort Ross, but then he and Pestel conceived the murder of Nicholas and, perhaps, the Cesarevitch Alexander.

December 14 - the Decembrist uprising

Briefly describe what happened on the day of the coup attempt. Early in the morning Ryleev turned to Kakhovsky with a request to enter the Winter Palace and kill Nicholas. He first agreed, but then refused. By eleven in the morning the Moscow Guards Regiment, the Grenadier Regiment, the sailors of the Guards Marine Crew were taken to the Senate Square . In all - about three thousand people. Nevertheless, a couple of days before the December 1825 uprising of the Decembrists, Nikolai was warned by the Decembrist Rostovtsev, who considered the uprising unworthy of nobleman's honor, and the chief of the General Staff, Dibich, about the intentions of members of secret communities. Already at seven in the morning senators brought Nicholas an oath and proclaimed him emperor. Trubetskoi, appointed head of the uprising, did not appear on the square. The regiments on the Senate continued to stand and wait for the conspirators to come to a common opinion about the appointment of a new leader.

Highlights

On this day, the history of Russia. Count Miloradovich, who appeared on horseback before the soldiers, began to say that if Konstantin refused to be an emperor, then there is nothing to be done. Released from the ranks of the rebels Obolensky urged Miloradovich to drive away, and then, seeing that he did not react, lightly wounded him in the side with his bayonet. Kakhovsky at the same time shot the count from the pistol. Prince Mikhail Pavlovich and Colonel Sturler tried to lead to the obedience of soldiers, but all attempts were unsuccessful. Nevertheless, the rebels twice repulsed the attack of the Horse Guards, led by Alexei Orlov.

Tens of thousands of Petersburg residents gathered in the square, they sympathized with the insurgents and threw stones and logs at Nikolai and his entourage. As a result, two "rings" of people were formed. One surrounded the rebels and consisted of those who came earlier, the other was formed from those who came later, the gendarmes to the square were no longer allowed, so people stood behind the Decembrists who surrounded the government troops. Such an environment carried a danger, and Nikolai, doubting his success, decided to prepare the members of the royal family crews in case there was a need to escape to Tsarskoe Selo.

Unequal forces

The newly emperor understood that the results of the Decembrist uprising might not be in his favor, so he asked Metropolitan Evgeny and Seraphim to ask the soldiers to retreat. It did not bring any results, and Nicholas's fears increased. Nevertheless, he managed to take the initiative in his hands, while the insurgents elected a new leader (he was appointed Prince Obolensky). Government troops numbered more than four times the army of the Decembrists: nine thousand bayonets of infantry, three thousand cavalry cavalry were collected, later artillerymen (thirty-six guns) were summoned, total - about twelve thousand men. The rebels, as already noted, numbered three thousand.

Defeat of the Decembrists

When Guards artillery appeared from the side of the Admiralty Boulevard, Nicholas ordered to make a volley of grape shot on the "mobile", which was on the roofs of the Senate and neighboring houses. The Decembrists answered with gunfire, and then, under a hail of grape, they started to flee. They were followed by shots, the soldiers rushed to the ice of the Neva River in order to move to Vasilievsky Island. On the Neva ice Bestuzhev made an attempt to establish a battle formation and again go on the offensive. The troops were built, but they were fired with cannonballs. The ice was splitting, people were drowning. The plan was defeated, hundreds of corpses lay in the streets and in the square at night.

Arrest and trial

When asked about the year in which the Decembrist uprising occurred and how it ended, there are likely to be few answers today. However, this event greatly influenced the further history of Russia. The importance of the Decembrist uprising can not be underestimated: they were the first to create a revolutionary organization in the empire, they developed a political program, prepared and implemented an armed speech. At the same time, the insurgents were not ready for the trials that followed the uprising. Some of them were executed after hanging by hanging (Ryleeva, Pestel, Kakhovsky and others), the rest were exiled to Siberia and other places. In society there was a split: some supported the tsar, others - the failed revolutionaries. And the surviving revolutionaries themselves, defeated, shackled, captured, lived in deep emotional turmoil.

Finally

About how the uprising of the Decembrists took place, was briefly told in the article. They were driven by a single desire to revolutionize the autocracy and serfdom in Russia. For enthusiastic young men, outstanding military men, philosophers and economists, prominent thinkers, the coup attempt became an exam: someone showed strengths, someone weak, someone showed determination, courage, self-sacrifice, and someone began to hesitate, could not Keep the sequence of actions, stepped back.

The historical significance of the Decembrist uprising lies in the fact that they laid the foundations of revolutionary traditions. Their speech marked the beginning of the further development of liberation thoughts in serfdom in Russia.