Original Russian words: examples. Obsolete Russian words

In this article we will consider such layers of vocabulary as outdated and primordially Russian words. By origin, primordially Russian vocabulary is heterogeneous. It consists of several layers, which differ in the time they occur.

Indo-Europeanism

The most ancient of the primordially Russian are Indo-Europeanisms, that is, words that have been translated into our language since the time of Indo-European unity. Under the assumptions of the researchers, in the 5-4 centuries BC there was an Indo-European civilization, within which various tribes, living on a fairly large territory, joined together. According to the research of some scientists, this area stretched from the Yenisei to the Volga. Others suggest that it was a South-Russian or Balkan-Danube localization. This language community, like the Indo-European, began the European languages, as well as some Asian languages (for example, Sanskrit, Bengali).

Words that go back to the proto-language-base of this community, denote animals, plants, minerals and metals, forms of management, tools of labor, types of kinship and others - these are originally Russian words. Examples: salmon, oak, wolf, goose, copper, sheep, honey, bronze, son, mother, night, daughter, snow, magnifier, new, water, sew , etc.

Common Slavonic words

The next layer of primordially Russian words includes obscheslavianskie, which were inherited from the Slavic (that is, Proto-Slavic) Russian. They served as a source not only for our language, but for all other Slavic languages. This language-base existed in prehistoric times on the territory of the Vistula, the Bug and the Dnieper. These places were inhabited by the ancient tribes of the Slavs. Common Slavonic language in the 6-7 centuries of our era fell apart. This opened the way to the development of a number of Slavic languages, to which the Old Russian language belongs. It is easy to distinguish obscheslavian words in them, the common origin of their obvious even today. Common Slavic languages are also Russian. Aboriginal Russian words include Common Slavonic as an integral part.

Many of them are nouns. First of all, these are specific names, which are originally Russian words. Examples: throat, head, heart, beard, field, palm, forest, mountain, maple, birch, cow, ox, sickle, knife, pitchfork, neighbor, seine, servant, guest, friend, spinner, shepherd, potter.

There are also abstract, but they are much smaller. These are: will, faith, sin, guilt, glory, happiness, thought, fury.

Among the other parts of the speech are represented in the common Slavic vocabulary and verbs: hear, see, lie, grow. Adjectives: old, young, cunning, wise. Numerals: three, two, one. Pronouns: you, we, you. Pronominal adverbs: where, there, how. Some official words: by, yes, and, ah, over and other native Russian words. Examples can be continued.

Common Slavonic vocabulary today is about two thousand words, but this rather small lexical stock is the core of the Russian dictionary. It includes the most common, neutral in style words that are used in both written and oral speech.

The Slavic varieties of the Slavonic language , which had a source of their own, with various lexical, grammatical and sound peculiarities, separated into the following three groups: eastern, western and southern.

East Slavic vocabulary

The third layer, which is in Russian, is the words of Old Russian (East Slavic) vocabulary. This is already a later time, to which the origin of primordially Russian words also applies. This vocabulary developed on the basis of the East Slavic language, one of the three groups into which the Old Slavonic languages are united. The time of its appearance is 7-9 centuries AD. The Ukrainian, Russian and Byelorussian peoples ascend to the tribal unions that inhabited Eastern Europe. That is why the words that remained from this period in our language are known in two other words: Belarusian and Ukrainian, but they are not available in the languages of the southern and western Slavs.

One can single out the following belonging to the East Slavic vocabulary. Since these words were used in the language from the very beginning, they were not borrowed, they are also originally Russian words. Examples:

- names of birds, animals: squirrel, dog, drake, jackdaw, bullfinch ;

- names of tools: a blade, an ax ;

- names of household items: bucket, boot, ruble, casket;

- names for the profession of people: cook, carpenter, miller, shoemaker;

- names of different settlements: settlement, village, as well as other lexico-semantic groups.

Actually Russian vocabulary

The next, the fourth, a layer that can be distinguished is the Russian vocabulary itself, which was formed already after the 14th century, that is, during the independent development of the Belarusian, Ukrainian and Russian languages. They already have their equivalents for the expression of certain objects or phenomena.

Actually Russian words can be distinguished on a derivative basis: a leaflet, a mason, a community, a cloakroom, an intervention and others.

It should be noted that in the composition of such vocabulary there can also be words with various foreign roots that have passed the word formation way and have attached Russian prefixes, suffixes ( nonpartisan, partisanship, ruler, aggressiveness, teapot, glass), and also having a complex basis , A radio node). They also include a variety of complicated words, which in the 20th century added to our language: wall newspaper, timber industry enterprise, Moscow Art Theater , etc.

Now the Russian vocabulary continues to be replenished with new inclusions, which are created with the help of the word-forming resources of our language as a result of various word-formation processes.

Obsolete Russian words

Those who cease to actively use words do not immediately disappear from it. They are still understandable for a while speaking on it, they are known to us from works of fiction. Although the speech practice of daily life, the need for them no longer suffers. These words constitute a passive vocabulary of vocabulary and are given in various explanatory dictionaries with a special notation "obsolete."

The process of archaizing words

Usually the archaization process is gradual. Among obsolete words, therefore, there are those who have a significant "experience" (for example, this one, therefore, a scarlet, speech, a witch, a child). Others from the active vocabulary are withdrawn because they belong to the Old Russian period of its development. Sometimes words become obsolete in a relatively short period of time, arising and disappearing in the newest period. For example, "shkrab" meant "teacher" until the 1920s. There were such words as "rabkrin", "encadavist", out of use very quickly. Not always have similar nominations corresponding litters in dictionaries, since the process of archaization can be realized as not yet complete.

Causes of Archaization

There are various reasons for the archaization of vocabulary. They can acquire extralinguistic (extra-linguistic) character if the refusal to use certain words with social transformations is associated. But they can also be conditioned by linguistic laws. Adverbs "at the right", "the left" (on the right, on the left), for example, from the active dictionary have disappeared due to the fact that the nouns producing them ("left hand" - "shuitsa" and "right hand" - "right hand") archaized. In such cases, the systemic relations of various lexical units played a decisive role. For example, the word "Shuitsa" came out of use, and consequently the semantic connection of different words that were united by this historical root also disintegrated. "Shulga", for example, in the language was not kept in the meaning of "left-handed" and remained as a name that goes back to the nickname. So now this word is used. About the Russian language, the processes inside it can be told for a long time. All this is very interesting. We only briefly, in one example, describe a typical process.

The following anatomical pairs were destroyed: at the right, at the right, at the right hand; Synonymous links ( left, center ). But the word "right hand" for a while, despite the archaization of the systemic relations associated with it, was held in our language. For example, in the Pushkin era, this word was used in poetic speech, "high syllable". Russian can be spoken of as constantly evolving, so the fact that the lexicon becomes obsolete is a natural process. The word "oshoe" remained only as an echo of the archaic, its use only in a satirical context at that time was possible.

Composition of obsolete vocabulary

Outdated vocabulary by origin is heterogeneous. Its composition includes primordially Russian words (examples: semeo, that, so that they can not ), as well as Old Slavs ( loins, kisses, smooths ), borrowings from different languages (politeness - politeness, voyage - voyage, "Abshid" - "resignation").

Revival of obsolete words

There are also cases when obsolete Russian words are being revived, returning to the active vocabulary of vocabulary. For example, in Russian today the following nouns are often used: minister, ensign, officer, soldier, who archaized after October. They gave way to others: the People's Commissar, having started, the Red Army soldier . From the composition of passive vocabulary in the 1920s, for example, the word "leader" was extracted, which was perceived as archaism even in Pushkin's epoch, and was cited in the dictionaries of that time with the corresponding litter. Today it is archaic again. The color of archaism has relatively recently lost such words as the Duma, the gymnasium, the department, the lyceum . They were evaluated after 1917 as historicisms.

Historicisms

Return to the active stock of some words is possible only under special circumstances. This is always due to various extralinguistic factors. In the event that archaization is dictated by linguistic laws and is reflected in lexical system links, the resulting words are called historicisms.

Among them, the names of the concepts, phenomena, and objects that have disappeared are distinguished: chain armor, oprichnik, policeman, gendarme, tutor, hussar, Bolshevik, Institutka, requisitioning, NEP, middle peasant, kulak, VKP (b) and others. Historisms, as a rule, appear as a result of extralinguistic reasons: the development of production, social transformations, renovation of everyday objects, weapons, etc.

Today the school program includes the topic "Obsolete and primordially Russian words" (Grade 6). Any person should know at least a little about their native language, the history of its development. Our article is written in order to broaden the knowledge of readers about the various layers of vocabulary, of which the great Russian word is composed.