What was the reason for the need to reform the mandating system? The main disadvantages of order management

An orderly form of government is a unique phenomenon in the history of Russian statehood. This system developed over two centuries and was of great importance in strengthening Russian statehood. What caused the need for reform of the order system, why it lost its importance - read below.

The emergence of orders

Formation of an orderly management system falls at the end of the 15th century. The inconsistency of the actions of the local authorities could not ensure the constant control of the state over the vast and remote regions. Those institutions that were already formed at that time had no clear functional responsibilities. In the period of disparate and infrequent relations between the various territories of the appanage principalities, "orders" arose for a short time, otherwise called "yards" or "huts." Their functions were sharpened to fulfill one or another order of the supreme authority. Usually the princes entrusted this or that order - "order" - to their boyars for execution and control. The expression "to be in command" at that time meant to direct directly the Prince's order and monitor its implementation.

Duties of orders

The fact that the functions of early orders were very blurred, are evidenced by the following facts:

- the spontaneous emergence of various orders with a short period of validity;

- incoming documents were addressed to certain persons, and not, in fact, to the institution;

- the way of execution of orders was based on the so-called "legal habit", thus, there was no general legislative foundation necessary for clear and unambiguous fulfillment of orders, and hence the effectiveness of the country's governance was lowered.

This is the main reason for what caused the need for reform of the order system.

First orders

The first institutions with more or less clearly defined state duties arose in the middle of the 16th century. Prikaznaya management system in in the late XV-XVII century. Can be classified according to functional, territorial or class characteristics.

Classification of orders

In the first category can be attributed orders that were in charge of palace and financial affairs. This is primarily the Palace order, which was responsible for the management of the prince, he controlled those lands and people who were responsible for the life-support of the prince's palace. The order of the Grand Treasury was responsible for the collection of direct taxes and minted a coin, The Sleigh Order was in charge of the prince's reserves and hunting grounds and so on.

The second category dealt with questions of military administration and the provision of prince's squads. Created orders Streletskie, Bronnye, Pushkarskiye, Inozemnye and others.

The third category of orders was specialized primarily in the judicial function. The local order was engaged in property litigation, Kholopiy, Razboyny (later - Syskoy) was in charge of prisons and criminal police affairs, and the Zemsky order carried out police and judicial supervision over the population of Moscow.

The fourth group is the local authorities. The number of regional and territorial orders grew with the number of territories annexed to Russia. So, there are quaternary orders - Ryazan, Vladimir, Dmitrovsky, and later - Siberian, Little Russian and others.

The fifth category united special authorities. For example, there was a Stone Order, which was responsible for the construction of stone buildings and structures, Yamskaya, in charge of postal items. With the passage of time, there were orders of the Book, Aptekarsky, Posolsky and others.

The sixth group of orders was in charge of church affairs. This includes the Monastic Order, the Patriarchal Court and others.

Between various orders, relations were formed spontaneously, a clear distribution of responsibilities was not worked out. Some orders could not give directions to others. To regulate these relations, orders were pooled, which could be divided into a main order and several awards. Thus, the ambassadorial order to the seventies of the 17th century began to exercise control over Malorossiysk and Novgorod. The termination of the powers of this or that order was not final: over time it could well be reborn as an independent institution with a certain set of functions.

Financing of orders

The orderly management system was financed mainly haphazardly. For current cases, financing was taken from a certain area, from which taxes were levied, for individual cases, funds could be transferred from other orders, or special taxes could be created. The regulation of cash flows was carried out by such orders as the Order of the Grand Treasury, the Order of collecting the requested money and so on. Another answer to the question of what caused the need to reform the mandative system would be the extreme entanglement of cash flows and the mismatch of the actions of various orders.

Petrovsky reforms

Over time, the command system in Russia began to function "for themselves," demanding more and more resources, and all with less impact. Reforms of Peter I replaced obsolete orders by colleges, which were distinguished by certain functions, clear distinctions of the legislative, executive and judicial branches. All that was called for the need to reform the mandative system, should have been a thing of the past, along with the introduction of new management forms that came to Russia with the advent of the tsar-reformer.