Western Siberia: population and economy. Western Siberia: the main branches of the economy

Western Siberia, whose population and economy will be described further, is a vast geographic region. It is located on the territory of Eurasia.

General information

From the south, Siberia borders with the neighboring states of Russia: China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan. From the north to it adjoins the Arctic Ocean. The western part of Siberia is limited to the Ural Mountains, the eastern part to the watershed ridges of the Pacific Ocean. Written sources, accumulated ethnographic, archaeological, folklore materials allow us to associate the name of the territory with the name of an ethnic group that settled on the part of the forest-steppe territory of Priirtysh at the end of 1000 BC. E. It included the ancestors of the Ugrians, who entered into a long-term interaction with other communities of Kazakhstan and Western Siberia.

origin of name

The toponym "Siberia" reproduces the name of the kagan of the East Turkic Khaganate Shibir-khan Turkic Shada. The name was later fixed after the settlement of the sipers, who lived on the bank of the river. Irtysh. In the first half of the 13th century, Mongolian commanders knew the forest people, called "shibir". From the second half of the 13th and 14th centuries Siberia is already widely known as the name of a certain territory stretching to the north of the borders of the Golden Horde possessions. The name was used in Russian annals. So, in the 15th century, Siberian manuscripts are found in manuscripts. In the annals, its location is described quite accurately. It is characterized as the territory in the lower reaches of the Tobol and the middle Irtysh. There probably lived the descendants of the sipers. They were largely assimilated by Turkic elements. This distinguished them from other groups of Ugrians in the lower Irtysh and Ob River. At the end of the 15th century, the statehood of the Tobolsk Tatars, as well as the Turkic Ugric Sipiros, arose. As a result, the Siberian Khanate appeared . Together with him in the 16th century Mangazeya, Ugra and the Tyumen Khanate were known. After Moscow Russia conquered the Astrakhan and Kazan Khanates, began moving towards Siberia. The advance went from Ermak's campaign in 1582.

Further periods

In tsarist times, Siberia became an agrarian province. She was also a place of hard labor and exile. At the turn of the 19-20 centuries. The Trans-Siberian Railway was built. Its construction allowed to move to the territory of more than 3 million people. Due to the influx of people, the economy of Western and Eastern Siberia began to be formed. In the Soviet period, agricultural production declined. This affected the increase in the importance of the territory as a source of hydropower and minerals.

Resources and natural features

The climate of the region is sharply continental. Most of the territory is occupied by the West Siberian Plain. In the southern part there are mountain ranges of Altai, Salair ridge, Shoria ridges, and also Kuznetsk Alatau. Due to the fact that the region passes through all natural areas, from the tundra and to the steppe, here all the variety of soils is represented, down to the black soil. The specialization of the economy of Western Siberia is expressed quite clearly. It is conditioned by the quality, composition and volume of the fuel, energy and mineral resources that exist here. In terms of the level of availability of various minerals, indicators of their production, the region is at the leading place in the country.

Fuel and energy complex

It was due to him that the West Siberian economy developed actively. On the territory there are almost all known types of fuel and energy resources. Here there are brown and coal, gas, oil, peat. The territory is also rich in energy resources of non-traditional species. Hydrocarbon deposits are located in the oil and gas province of Western Siberia. It is located within the Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk and Tyumen regions, as well as the Yamal-Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Districts. In this part, about 58% of the state's initial oil reserves and more than 60% of the gas deposits are concentrated. In Western Siberia, more than 7 billion tons of the first and 8 trillion cubic meters ^{of the} second resource have already been produced. However, the province has a huge potential for oil and gas. On the territory there are undiscovered reserves of gas and oil. Their volumes are 45% and 56% (respectively) of the total initial. This indicates a relatively low geological study of the region.

NHC

The operating branches of the economy of Western Siberia supply about 14% of the total gross product in the country. Among the existing economic regions of the state, this territory is in the top five. Due to high availability of high-quality resources in the region, the industrial economy is well formed. Western Siberia produces about 12% of production. More than 14% of the country's main fund and 20% of products manufactured by the Russian construction complex are concentrated in the territory.

Industry

It is based economy of Western Siberia. The share of the industrial complex accounts for 74% of the total regional GRP. This sector has a distinct specialization. This is the source of most of the fuel (coal, oil and gas) to other regions. The economy of Western Siberia is unthinkable without electric power, petrochemical and chemical industries, and machine building. All of them are closely related to fuel extraction. The chemical complex is represented by the enterprises of Tobolsk, Tomsk and Omsk, and also the Kemerovo region. Machine-building plants produce products for the energy complex, for the coal industry and machine-tool construction. Despite the uniqueness of its structure, the economy of Western Siberia suffered significant losses in the 90s. Industrial output has almost halved. About 30% are now on the freight turnover of vehicles. 65% of the pre-reform level is occupied by agriculture in Western Siberia.

Power engineering

In terms of consumption, the region ranks third in the country. The main area of use of electricity is the industrial complex. The supply of consumers is carried out at the expense of the stations of UES URAL and UPS of Siberia. The basis for the electric power industry of the territory is large CHP and IES. They work on associated gas in the Tomsk and Tyumen regions, as well as coal (in the Novosibirsk and Kemerovo regions - at the local, in the Omsk - on the long-range). The district is considered to be almost self-balanced for electricity.

Actual directions of work

West Siberian territory in the future remains the basis for the formation of the fuel and energy complex of Russia. From this it follows that the priority areas for the district should be:

• Perfection of coal and oil and gas complexes.
• Social security of industrial workers.
• Improvement of TEB in the region. First of all, this task is realized due to electrification, gasification, performance of technological and technical re-equipment of almost all operating economic spheres.
• Solving environmental issues in the main coal, gas and oil industries in the region.

Conclusion

Western Siberia is considered one of the richest in terms of natural resources in the country. There is a huge variety of stocks. The exploration and development of the territory, however, is hampered primarily by climatic conditions. Remoteness of the region from the administrative center of the state does not allow to fully study and solve all the problems of the territory. Nevertheless, the Government plans to lay down programs for the development of the economy of Western Siberia. Efforts in the first place will be aimed at attracting labor to the region. For this purpose, special social programs have been developed, and appropriate conditions for people are created. There is also a gradual modernization of the equipment of enterprises.