What is morphology in Russian? Basic concepts of the section

Morphology as a section of linguistics is a knowledge of the word and its constituent parts. The definition of the linguist V.V. Vinogradov about what morphology is in Russian: he called it the grammatical doctrine of the word. That is, it is a science that studies the grammatical features of a word. These include: belonging to some part of speech, changeability of form and grammatical meaning.

Subject of morphology

Language as a science is a complex combination of elements different in properties and values. The smallest building material of such a system is a word that possesses and changes not only its lexical meaning (that is, its meaning), but also its grammatical - case, number, genus. Unlike the lexical meaning, grammatical is inherent in a certain number of word forms united by a homogeneous attribute, for example, the verb time or the number of nouns.

The grammatical meaning of a word is what morphology studies in Russian. Since she is interested in the technical characteristics of the word, it will be important in the framework of this direction of linguistics to also present parts of speech. This is also an important subject for studying morphology.

The Science of the Word

Linguistics has about ten major sections that study Russian from different angles. Morphology, orthography, morphology, word formation, lexicography and orthoepy are sciences specializing in the word as the main object of research.

Morphology is inextricably linked with other sciences about language. Since the word is an inseparable link between lexical and grammatical meanings, it is impossible to consider its word forms in isolation from the features of semantics - the subject of the study of lexicology. Orthography, like morphology, is interested in the grammatical meaning of the word, as it explores the correct spelling of words. For example, to apply the rule about the alternation of vowels in the root, it is worth considering part of the speech of the word. The syntax is guided by the rules for composing sentences and word combinations, again consisting of words with a specific lexical and grammatical meaning.

The conceptual apparatus of morphology

What is morphology? In Russian, the terms "wordform" and "lexeme" are used to define a word as a unit of morphological analysis. Wordform is a word with a specific set of grammatical characteristics in the text. A lexeme is a collection of word forms with the same lexical meaning.

The forms of the word are arranged in the language by means of a paradigm - a list of all word forms represented in the form of a schema. Paradigms are nominal and verbal. The first type includes categories of completeness / brevity of form, declination and degrees of comparison of adjectives. Verbal paradigms illustrate the shaping of verbs in terms of moods, numbers, faces and times.

Another kind of paradigm is complete and incomplete. In the first case, the word has all the possible word forms, such as "home", "field", in the second - not all. Words that are used exclusively in the plural (glasses, vacations) have an incomplete paradigm, since they do not have singular forms of singularities. And the words strictly singular reduce their paradigm into six case plural forms. Excessive is called a paradigm, the number of word forms in which exceeds their number in full. This happens with words that have variative forms: from the verb "to splash" you can form in the present time two forms - "splashes" and "splashes". The surplus paradigm arises most often because the old form of the word has remained in use, while a new invariant has been formed.

Another kind of paradigm is the overlapping. It arises in the event that the forms of the paradigm of one word overlap with the same paradigm of another word. It is most common among adjectives of masculine and neuter gender.

Russian language lesson

Morphology in school is presented in several stages at various stages of training. The first acquaintance occurs in primary school, when significant parts of words and the main parts of speech are studied. Gradually, we introduce information about paradigms, which are the basis for learning morphology, specializing in the analysis of various parts of speech.

What is morphology in Russian? This scientific formulation of the question is inherent in the course of grades 7-8, when all parts of speech are considered more thoroughly. Students learn grammatical signs of nominal, verb and further - official parts of speech.

Morphology in the Russian language course of the school is one of the most important sections, focusing on itself a large number of academic hours. Since school education is focused on the development of communication skills in children, the idea of the organization of a native language and its functioning is an important condition for the successful implementation of speech competence.

What is morphology? In Russian, this is the base on which competent speech and successful communication are built.