Ventilation: design and installation. Designing ventilation in a private house

During technical progress, ventilation plays an important role, the design of which is carried out simultaneously with the construction of a building project of any building. We have long ago moved away from the construction of houses made of wood and natural building materials, which normally passed the air, while at the same time keeping the heat. At the moment massively used in plastic and polystyrene, which have a poor air permeability and release harmful substances such as formaldehydes. All these chemical building materials are used not only in industrial buildings, but also in the repair of living quarters. In order to save the situation a little, a notion such as "ventilation" appeared. And it's not just a tube that feeds fresh air. Therefore, the design of ventilation is a great science. Properly designed project makes it possible to breathe freely even near a hot machine at the factory.

Description of design

It is necessary to draw up a technical task. This is the initial document for the design of ventilation or other technical facility. It indicates the required air parameters in ventilated buildings, air exchange organization, types of coolants. During the preparation of such tasks, the following data are needed: the purpose of the building, the characteristics of building materials and coatings, doors, windows, sections of premises and floor plans. The technological process and mode of operation are taken into account for production facilities.

Calculation of ventilation

First, the parameters of the internal and external climates are calculated in accordance with regulatory enactments (SNiP 23-01-99 "Construction climatology" and SNiP 41-01-2003 "Heating ventilation and air conditioning").

Second - the necessary heat exchange is determined based on regulatory acts and consumed volumes of air per person per hour, taking into account heat inflows.

Third, when considering the features of the room, the types of necessary ventilation are determined: general exchange or local, supply-exhaust or exhaust, natural, mechanical or mixed.

In conclusion, the equipment is selected according to technical and economic criteria.

The design of ventilation involves calculating the distribution of air in various ways: displacement or mixing, supply and discharge of air from the bottom to top, types of supply air jets, design of the number and types of air distributors.

Air network calculations are also carried out: air sound pressure during the exit from the distributors, configuration, air duct cross-section, pressure drop in the network.

Then a graphical diagram is drawn up which displays the description of the adopted design of the ventilation system: the plan, the characteristics and location of the technological units, the description of the materials and equipment used.

Types of ventilation

AT Design of ventilation of an industrial building There are different types of ventilation: simple systems for office space, medium and high complexity for large workshops in production.

Natural ventilation is an air exchange due to the difference in pressure, the rarefaction of air and the use of wind power, without the use of special equipment and energy costs.

Forced - it's an air exchange, which is made through technical devices: air conditioners, fans, etc.

Types of forced ventilation systems

By design, forced ventilation systems are divided into the following types:

- Forced ventilation. It works by means of a fan that supplies fresh air into the room, and due to the valve in the switched off state air can not move through the fan in either direction. Outflow occurs naturally, due to pressure through the cracks in the windows and during the opening of the doors.

- Exhaust ventilation. It is produced with the help of a fan, which removes exhaust air from the room, while its inflow occurs due to leakiness in the windows and when the doors are opened.

Design of combined extract and input ventilation Is a drawing that shows the movement of air in the exhaust system. In this case, the supply and discharge of air occur simultaneously with the help of special technological devices. This process is carried out by two kinds of air exchange. The first is a method of mixing air when pure air is blended from the room to clean air, and it is withdrawn through the exhaust valves. The second is the method of displacement, when fresh air is fed from below, and the spent air is discharged from above by a natural direction.

More complex types of ventilation and their application

In addition to natural and simplest compulsory species, there are also more complex ones. They are used when designing industrial ventilation. For example, in plants where heat generation takes place during the production process, an "air shower" is used, when the flow of cooled air is supplied at high speed to the places of thermal emission. Another type of ventilation is an "oasis". In this case, chilled air is supplied to the enclosed area of the room and then distributed in the room. In the workplace, where there is a large gas evolution, dust generation, the release of explosive substances, services that carry out the design of industrial ventilation, Oblige to use very complicated types of ventilation, such as aspiration (this is sucking polluted air). Exhaust systems used in production can be both general exchange (aspiration) and local (onboard suction, exhaust umbrellas). For compliance with safety and environmental protection standards that are included in the design of ventilation of an industrial building, Provide for the use of additional systems: air shields and air curtains built into the ventilation system, anti-dust filters and those used from chemical impurities in the smoke.

Computerization of ventilation design

Designing ventilation is a very difficult and laborious work. It requires great knowledge in this field. In order to facilitate the work of specialists, a program was created for the design of ventilation. And such applications at the moment are already quite a lot, both for large organizations and for not very experienced users. For example, Vent-Calkona operates on the basis of Altshul formulas and allows the hydraulic calculation of the duct. Similar programs in the information market are offered abound, for example CADvent, AutoCAD, Ventmaster, etc., with which you can create projects in 3D, 2D graphics, drawings and many other calculations without much effort.

Ventilation of living quarters

The ventilation of the residential building with natural air exchange is designed according to the generally accepted standards prescribed in regulatory enactments. If this is described in simple words, then everything looks like this: through the leak in the windows and through the open doors, or when ventilating through the ventilator, pure air comes in, and exhausted exhausts through the vent shafts. But due to the fact that now almost all houses have plastic windows, the natural inflow is disturbed. It is necessary to do the design of forced ventilation. One option is to install an infiltration inlet valve, which is placed on a wall or behind a radiator. In this case, fresh air will be already heated, which is very convenient in the winter. Removal of it in the house is also sometimes blocked by the fact that the ventilation outlet shaft is not located in every room, but mostly in the bathroom, toilet, kitchen and corridor. Therefore, for the unhindered air circulation in the apartment or in a private house, air grilles are installed in the doors. If the natural ventilation of an apartment building Not coping well, a mechanical forced system is installed. For this purpose special fans are installed in the outlet shaft. Such devices are of different types. They are mounted on the wall at the entrance to the shaft or behind the ceiling and are mounted in the duct of the air duct. These fans are called hidden.

Standards for the design of ventilation systems

In any building, both in an industrial and a private house, a ventilation system must be installed , but not always enough financial resources to hire specialists for such important and responsible work. Therefore, sometimes you have to calculate and install such constructions yourself. In order that you do not make gross mistakes in the calculation, we give an example of how the calculation and design of ventilation in a private house is done. All systems differ from each other in performance, therefore, according to accepted standards, it should have such indications:

• For residential premises - 3 m³ per hour per 1 m²;
• For sanitary facilities - 50 m³ per hour per 1 m²;
• For separate bathrooms - 25 m³ per hour per 1 m²;
• For living rooms there must necessarily be an inflow of air.

Types of air ducts and ventilation installation

During ventilation installation, air ducts, fasteners, filters and fittings are used. The main instruction is the design of ventilation and installation. All are made according to this project, where a specific type of air duct is indicated. Rigid designs are rectangular and round. The least air resistance is round, a little more rectangular, and the largest - flexible and semi-flexible air ducts due to the fact that they are corrugated. Therefore, the main highway passes through the data provided, which are included in the design of ventilation, and installation Perform using rigid structures, and flexible ones are used as connectors. All ductwork must be insulated with mineral wool to prevent condensation.