Typology of scientific revolutions and typology of society in sociology

Typology is the scientific method of cognition, which divides the system of the object and groups it using an idealized (or generalized) model or type. In sociology, there are several typologies of society, but the most famous and recognized is the typology of society D. Bell and the typology of society in A. Tofler.

Typology of society in sociology

Typology of society in the sociology of A. Tofler, based on the theory of "three waves". The scientist and researcher A. Tofler believed that, developing, the society experienced three important radical transformations: the agrarian revolution, industrial and technological. So, the first wave turned the nomads into sedentary farmers. The second wave changed the social system from agrarian to industrial. Well, the third wave proclaimed the beginning of the computer era and formed a new information society.

The last wave, according to A. Tofler, can result in the continuous change of social relations to the emergence of a super-industrial society.

Thus, relying on his theory, A. Tofler creates the following typology of societies:

- a traditional or agrarian society,

- capitalist, or industrial society,

- modern, or information society.

And it gives the following characteristic to the time (informational) society. He believes that the following features characterize modern society: readiness for constant development and change, high level of social mobility, rationalism based on knowledge, human behavior is regulated by market relations, as well as the absence of any moral prohibitions and norms, and much more.

Typology of society in the sociology of D. Bell examines society in terms of the evolution of knowledge and technology. Based on this, D. Bell identified the following types of society: before the industrial, industrial and post industrial.

And gives its characteristic post industrial society. For this society, the characteristic features are the expansion of trade between states, the "information explosion", i.e., the importance and role of information increases, and also thanks to the development of instant communications the rapprochement of countries, i.e., the emergence of a "global village".

Typology of scientific revolutions

The abrupt transition of the system into a new quality is called a revolution. Scientific revolutions generally have many different aspects. Problems typology of scientific revolutions lies in the fact that it is necessary to identify and analyze all its aspects, understand the role and influence of each of them on science. However, the discovery and discovery of something always entails the receipt of new data and knowledge, which in turn must be processed in order for them to integrate into science. An example is the discovery of a microscope in biologists or a telescope in astronomy, which by their appearance gave new knowledge inaccessible earlier and revolutionized science.

Scientific revolutions are, above all, a change in scientific knowledge at the root, that is, the emergence of new knowledge, leading to a complete revolution in science.

There are four types of scientific revolutions on the following grounds:

- the emergence of new theoretical concepts;

- the emergence of new methods;

- development of new methodological studies;

- identification of new objects of research.

There is also a typology of scientific research on other grounds:

- Segments of scientific research (the emergence of a new method, the discovery of a new world, etc.);

- The breadth of coverage (the revolution is global, in one science or complex).

Thus, like the typology of scientific revolutions, and the typology of society in sociology are based on the study of the system of the object by dismemberment and grouping on the basis of a generalized model.