R & D is ...

The role of science is very great in modern society because it determines the development of society and the introduction of the results of scientific and technical progress in the economic sphere and the daily life of people. R & D, what is it? This is the combination of the first letters of some economic terms. R & D is an abbreviation that stands for scientific research and development work, understood as a set of works that are aimed at the emergence of new knowledge and their practical application in the development and creation of a new technology or product.

A large number of different organizations are related to R & D. These are different research institutes and their subdivisions, test ranges, design bureaus and experimental production.

R & D is a financially costly sphere of the economy. For its development, it requires a lot of financial and material resources, as well as a very high qualification of employees and therefore on a serious scale it is represented only in the most developed countries.

In the Soviet Union much attention was paid to the development of research and development work. By the 90s of the 20th century, more than 2 million scientific workers were working in this industry. More than 70% of scientific developments and research in the Soviet Union took place in the Russian Federation. Science in the USSR included three sectors: sectoral, university and academic. Most of all, the industrial sector was developed, where mainly military-industrial research institutes and design bureaus were represented.

The financing of science in the Soviet era was carried out mainly from the state budget, which was drastically reduced in the 1990s, which led to a significant reduction in the amount of research and development. The number of researchers in Russia in 2002 decreased by more than two times compared with 1990, and amounted to 420 thousand people. Many workers from the scientific sphere moved to work in other "commercial" branches: credit and financial activities, trade, etc. Someone from highly qualified specialists left to work in other countries.

The research and design organizations, which were on the periphery, fell into a particularly difficult situation. The demand for research and development in the field is very small. As a result, by the beginning of this century, there is an even greater concentration of research and development in Moscow, the Moscow region (50% of all developments) and St. Petersburg (10% of all developments).

R & D in Russia is currently experiencing difficult times - the number of staff engaged in research and development is declining. Nevertheless, the Russian Federation still ranks fifth in the world in terms of the number of personnel engaged in R & D and in the number of researchers

R & D is a fairly expensive structure, and the state primarily finances scientific research and development, and therefore the reduction in the amount of money allocated for R & D is explained simply - the state "saves" on science. But such "economy" leads only to the country's backwardness in the economy. Unfortunately, private business is not connected to the financing of scientific research. Another reason for the sharp decline in R & D spending is the reduction in military spending, including military research and development, which accounted for a significant portion of R & D in the Soviet era.

In the modern world of a large economy without a strong domestic science, which would be focused on its own advanced development, at least in some key areas, there will be no success in the development of the country, and therefore the Concept 2020 assumes an increase in spending on research and development in 2020 to 3% .