The subject and object of philosophy. What does this science study?

Today, throughout the world, numerous discussions are held regarding the various directions of science that explain the world. общество, зачастую природа или отдельный человек. The object of philosophy is society, often nature or an individual. In other words, the central systems of reality. Science is very versatile, so it will be worthwhile to study all its aspects.

Subject and object of philosophy

As a method and form of spiritual activity, philosophy originated in China and India, but the classical nature has already reached in ancient Greece. This term was first used by Plato to designate an innovative direction. . If we study the process of cognition as a system structure, then as its elements it is possible to isolate the subject and object in philosophy . The first is the carrier of object-practical activity, a source of activity in relation to the cognition of the world or another object. Hence, the second directly opposes the subject (after all, the energy of the subject is directed to the object of philosophy). на три категории: человек (совершенно любое разумное существо и его структура), окружающий мир (в том числе мир идей и другие, даже возможные, миры), а также отношение человека к себе и всему окружающему. Historically, it is common to divide the object of studying philosophy into three categories: a person (absolutely any rational being and its structure), the surrounding world (including the world of ideas and other, even possible, worlds), as well as the person's attitude to himself and everything around him.

The subject of philosophical research is the properties of the object of reality, which attract the greatest interest of specialists in the scientific field. It is important to note that the concrete aspect of the object with all its manifestations can act as a subject of philosophy.

The main idea of science

At the beginning of its development, philosophy was concentrated on all spheres of reality research and generated specific sciences, including chemistry, physics, geometry, and so on. Later, the direction began to deal with specific aspects of research. So, the basis for the formation of philosophical knowledge are spheres and disciplines of research, approaches to research, as well as methods for searching, checking and integrating information. Philosophy is developed through the following areas:

• A reality that has a material nature: everything that surrounds a person, except for himself. It is important to note that the presented sphere is known by the sciences of natural science, but special methods of philosophy appropriately supplement it.
• и его предмет имеют соответствующие особенности, недоступные другим направлениям знаний. Metaphysical reality, the research of which deals exclusively with this science, since the object of philosophy and its subject have corresponding features that are inaccessible to other areas of knowledge.
• The social and social sphere is considered together with the humanities.
• General or private attitudes of the person, representing a system of connections of the concrete individual and social groupings which is investigated by philosophy together with other scientific directions.

Key Functions of Philosophy

и ее основные особенности определяют сферы деятельности, в которых проявляется интерес и совершается научное действие. The object of study of philosophy and its main features determine the spheres of activity in which interest is manifested and scientific action is performed. The functions of science are the totality of the performance of specific tasks and goals in accordance with changing factors. So, the key functions of philosophy are the following directions:

• The worldview function determines the exploratory as well as the applied orientations of the individual or society as a whole by exploring the world outlook.
• , и ее абсолютное познание. The epistemological function presupposes a comprehension of the reality that surrounds a concrete object of philosophy , and its absolute cognition.
• The methodological function is to control the formation and verification of the ways in which science achieves its goals and research.
• The information-communicative function controls the transmission and content of information between any agents that are involved in these processes.
• . The value-oriented function performs an evaluation of the activity in which a specific object of philosophy directly participates.

What else?

Additional functions of the philosophy are the following categories:

• A critical function involves evaluating a phenomenon or process, as well as comparing it with the opinion of knowledge, that is, working according to the "criticism-conclusion-inclusion" scheme.
• The integrating function says that philosophy accumulates knowledge and forms a single system of them.
• The ideological function carries out the distribution and evaluation of complex views in relation to various social groupings. In other words, this function is engaged in the study of ideologies.
• The predictive function provides forecasts based on known information. It is important to note that the models corresponding to this function are much better integrated both in culture and in the scientific direction (in comparison with similar directions).
• The design function is responsible for the formation of plans, complexes and images. позволяет составлять прогнозы, а также осуществлять моделирование и проектирование. In this case, the object of philosophy allows you to make forecasts, as well as to carry out modeling and design.
• Educational function presupposes an impact on the creation of a certain system of views both of man and of society as a whole.

Features of philosophy

Naturally, each direction of knowledge, which corresponds to a particular time period, is determined by its characteristics and features. Thus, in the pre-Socratic era, the main feature of philosophy was the systematic scheme of reflection and debate as an explanation of one's opinion on a particular issue. Then often dogmas were formed, that is, science was built on philosophizing subjective nature, and the evidence, as a rule, was based on authority. должен изучаться детально. Later Socrates formed a new methodological complex, which assumed that any object of science philosophy should be studied in detail. The next stage was distinguished by the definition of innovative sources of inspiration and motivation. It coincided with an absolute decline in culture due to the negation of old principles and customs (including gods). In addition to nihilism, the key features of this period of time can be noted the maximum elevation of the individual in science, which often reached the point of absurdity. The Romance period is characterized by an emphasis on ethics and aesthetics, as well as the role of man in society. But the era of Hellenism culminated in the transition from secular culture to the worldview of religious nature, which led to the complete stagnation of culture and the degradation of society.

The pressing problems of philosophy

Like any science, philosophy is engaged in the study of various hypotheses about the resolution of certain issues. So, the main problems of the scientific knowledge under consideration are the following categories:

• The problem of creation, which is the most urgent.
• The problem of cognition, which presupposes the preservation of the reliability of knowledge.
• The temporary problem is characterized by the simplicity of its expression, but the relative complexity of the solution, because time is a subjective value. It measures the extent of processes or phenomena in relation to other similar categories.
• The problem of truth involves dividing everything into true and false.
• The problem of the subject and the method of the scientific direction is explained by different approaches to solving problems and opposing views on the methodology used.
• The problem of the meaning of life.
• The problem of the individual regarding its formation and education (not the same as learning).

What else?

Recently, a number of problems that are actively solved by philosophical knowledge have significantly expanded. So, he was supplemented by the following categories:

• The problem of death, which consists in answering questions about the existence of death and life after it.
• The problem of society as a whole, closely related to the personal issue. Here there is a consideration of social groupings and connections between them, because the collective is not a crowd, and the society is not a society.
• The problem of freedom, as a rule, is familiar to any individual.
• The problem of faith and reason, which has nothing to do with religion. Here we are talking about the degree of knowledge of the mind.
• The problem of the ideal is born of the existence of views that came from natural science, where the rejection of the ideal is actual.
• The problem of the formation of philosophical knowledge.

Acute issues of philosophy

The basic question of philosophical knowledge is reduced to the formation of connections and regularities of existence, as well as the principles of its organization or disorganization. In addition, there are additional questions that arise within certain branches of philosophy:

• Ethical issues: A measure of the objectivity of moral perception? What does justice mean? What is the degree of what is allowed?
• Questions of aesthetics: What role does art play? What is beauty? The boundaries of beauty?
• Questions of metaphysics: What are the criteria of the intangible? Where is the localization of the soul? What does the essence of the individual mean?
• Questions of axiology: What are the criteria for value? What is valuable? How subjective is the value reference?
• Questions of philosophical science: What is the criterion of the scientific? The degree of subjectivity in the process of evaluating theoretical knowledge? What is scientific knowledge?
• Questions of socially oriented philosophy: The importance of ideology in the effective intelligence of a person? Criteria for the reunification of an individual with a social grouping? Reasons for the formation of a social group?

Philosophy of Science

In addition to considering philosophy at the level of general perception, it is advisable to present specific directions of knowledge, among which the philosophy of science. This discipline deals with the study of the ways, boundaries of competence and the essence of science, and also carries out research on the nature, methods of development and justification of scientific knowledge, its functions and structure. науки составляет система абсолютно всех научных направлений, известных за период времени формирования и совершенствования культуры народов мира. The object of knowledge of the philosophy of science is the system of absolutely all scientific trends known for the period of the formation and improvement of the culture of the peoples of the world. The subject of the philosophy of science are regularities of a general and a particular nature, as well as trends in the development at a given moment and in the future of a particular activity of the mind with respect to the production of scientific knowledge. Among the topical issues of this category are the following items:

• What are the criteria for knowing?
• What is the difference between scientific, pseudo-scientific and unscientific knowledge?
• Kinds of knowledge.
• What is science?
• The competence of individual methods and the level of their scientific character.

Philosophy of man

Philosophical anthropology deals with issues connected with the individual, formed by social groups and, of course, with society as a whole. It is important to note that the human problem took place long before the formation of this direction, that is, it was the object of comprehension outside the system of scientific understanding. In fact, there are many subjects in the presented problem. The main of them is considered to be a person, his attitude to the world around him and to himself, the criteria of these relationships, actions, and the process of forming certain social groups. It should be noted that being in modern knowledge is considered together with the achievements of progress, because it significantly raised the society to new heights of existence. This progress is not a result of the activities of the layman. A person is considered only a consumer who, without supplying thinkers and creators, is doomed to degradation to the tribal system and return to the caves.

Philosophy of Law

Philosophy of law is a special section of this science, as well as jurisprudence, which deals with the study of legal meaning, the essence of law and, of course, its grounds. It also includes the value of law, its role in the life of the individual and society as a whole. составляет смысл соответствующей категории. The object of the philosophy of law is the meaning of the corresponding category. Moreover, special attention is paid to the concepts of legal and legal direction, the categories of value nature, and also the purpose of law in public life. The considered discipline as though unites fundamentally different branches having a legal character. In addition, the philosophical concept associated with legal understanding, can freely cover all areas of law. This unity should be considered essential-conceptual.