The Red Book of the Tyumen Region: Plants, Animals, Birds

The Tyumen region is part of Western Siberia. Its natural conditions are quite extreme, but the flora and fauna is very rich. A significant contribution to their preservation is made by the Red Book of the Tyumen region.

A little about the area

The Tyumen region is part of the Urals Federal District and belongs to the Western Siberia region. Together with the autonomous regions, it stretched from the southern border of the country to the shores of the Arctic Ocean. It borders on the Arkhangelsk, Kurgan, Omsk, Sverdlovsk, Tomsk regions, the Republic of Komi, Krasnoyarsk Krai and Kazakhstan.

The region occupies the third place in terms of area (1.4 thousand square kilometers). Its population is 3.6 million people. Administration of the Tyumen region is located in the main city - Tyumen, which became the first Russian city of Siberia in 1586.

Prior to this, the region was inhabited by Mansi, Khanty, Selkup, Nenets, or Samoyeds, as well as Turkic tribes that eventually formed the ethnic group of Siberian Tatars. Since the XIV century, the territory was part of the Tyumen, and then the Siberian Khanate. In 1582, the Ural merchants, with the help of hired Cossacks, conquered these lands, defeating the Khanate. At present, the main population is Russian.

Now the region is developing electric power, the fuel industry, whose volumes are the first in Russia. Forestry is being maintained, the stock of wood is more than one billion cubic meters. In agriculture only 3% of land is cultivated.

Nature and geography

By its size, the area is second only to the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Yakutia. The region is located within the zone of the tundra, arctic deserts, forest-tundra, taiga, forest-steppe and mixed forests. More than 90% of the territory is considered the Far North.

The natural and climatic conditions here are severe. The frost period varies from 140 to 200 days at different points in the region. The average air temperature in January is from -16 to -26 ^o C. In summer, the average temperature is at around +19 degrees.

The terrain is predominantly flat plain. The taiga forests occupy a significant part of the territory. In the southern parts of the region, the vegetation is marshy and forest-steppe. The nature of the Tyumen region is rich and diverse, despite the extreme conditions.

In the region there are more than 70 thousand rivers and streams, about the same number of lakes. The total length of the watercourses is about 10 kilometers. The largest rivers are the Irtysh, Tobol, Ishish. They have reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations. In the southern part saline drainage lakes are common, in the central and northern part - marsh and thermokarstic lakes.

The Red Book of the Tyumen Region

A complete list of endangered, endangered and rare animals, plants and mushrooms is listed in the Red Book of the region. The administration of the Tyumen region ordered its creation in 1999. To update the data and issue reissues of the book, local authorities are required approximately every fifteen years.

The Red Book of the Tyumen Region contains 711 species of animals, more than 250 plant species, as well as mushrooms and lichens. It consists of six (including zero) major categories, depending on the prevalence of living organisms. Thus, the fifth category (V) means species, the number of which is restored and does not need additional measures on the part of the person.

Category IV includes species, of which there is little or no information about the population. The third category includes rare and narrow-local species, to the second - cutting, to the first - disappearing. Zero contains information about the probably disappeared representatives of the flora and fauna, with information about them no more than half a century.

Mammals

Animals of the Red Book of the Tyumen Region are not represented in the general list, but are divided into subcategories depending on their type, class or unit. Among mammals there is a sea hare (III category) - a representative of seals. Factor limiting its distribution, as for other animals, is environmental pollution, poaching.

Rare species: hare-hare, large jerboa, corsac, polar bear, reindeer. The number of Djungar hamster and northern pika varies and strongly depends on weather conditions - periods of droughts, rains, frosts.

Poaching and lack of food resources reduce the number of walruses, northern narwhals, which belong to category II. For the same reasons, the Greenland whale, inhabiting the Kara Sea, is an endangered species. Disappearance threatens the European mink, which the American mink is actively replacing.

Fish, amphibians, arthropods

The Red Book of the Tyumen Region notes 10 species of fish and cyclostomes, 7 amphibians and amphibians, more than 100 arthropods. Natural causes have affected only the number of ordinary podkamenschikov, the remaining fish and cyclostomes (taimen, nelma, Siberian sturgeon, etc.) are dying out due to human activities.

Among the reptiles and amphibians rare are the legless lizard, a fragile spindle, as well as an ordinary scabbard. The latter is known for its sharp smell of garlic. Siberian shark and newt belong to vulnerable species in need of care, copperhead and herb frog are rapidly shrinking in numbers.

The list of arthropods of the Red Book is great. A rare species are the South Russian tarantulas - the largest spiders in the region. Also in this category are some dragonflies, mountain cicadas, barbel beetles, weevils, a kind of ladybirds that have twelve specks. Grassy rounded barbel is considered to be disappearing.

Birds

Birds of the Tyumen region, listed in the Red Book, have 117 species. Of these, 74 species require constant monitoring by humans, since they are rare and vulnerable. Among them, a kind of petrel called a fulmar, a duck pecanka, Siberian and common eider, white-headed sip, Krechanka, a reed. These birds are listed in the appendix of the book.

The main pages contain more complete information about each species, of which there are 43. Disappearing are the savks, snake-eaters, cranes. Among the rare and shrinking in the number of species are owl, curly pelican, flamingo, large spotted eagle, small swan, osprey.

The tendency to restore the population is observed in swan-fizz and big cormorant. The extinct species are considered bustard, steppe kestrel, avdotka and strept.

Plants

More than two hundred representatives of the flora are recorded by the Red Book of the Tyumen Region. The plants are divided into angiosperms, fern-like, mushroom-shaped and moss-like. Among the angiosperms, some species of onions (drooping, fine-meshed), sedges (loose, mountain, seaside) are rare and shrinking in numbers, the white line is alternate. The iris disappears, the Russian, swamp air.

Among the ferns, a lanceolate grower and a spear-shaped multicircle disappear. The remaining species are rare or are actively reduced in numbers. For example, alpine vudsiya, some puzyrniki and shchitovniki. Among the mosses and mosses that require attention, there are lamb, licopodilla, enkalipta, mezia.

The limiting factor for many plants is the extraction of minerals. Explosive work at mines leads to the destruction of their natural habitat. This, for example, suffers from a curly, latent mackerel, a green bones, located on calcareous slopes.

Mushrooms and Lichens

The total number of fungi and lichens in the book is about thirty. Of edible fungi, you can call a white boletus, the diameter of his bonnet sometimes reaches 25 centimeters. It grows in a shady area of pine and aspen forests. Strange-looking mutinus canine is edible only when it is in the egg shell.

Rare are the varnished and gray-yellow tinder, felt onion, datronium, two-year-old abortipice, coroncers ezhovik. A rare purple spider web is also considered edible. In addition to the Tyumen region, it occurs in the Primorsky and Krasnoyarsk regions.

Among the lichens are rare asola Sholandera, omphalina Hudson, also listed in the Red Book of Russia. The reason for their extinction is the economic and tourist activities of man. For the disappearing pulmonary lobarium, air pollution is also a limiting factor.

Security Zones

The reserves and reserves of the Tyumen region are designed to protect plant and animal species and preserve valuable natural landscapes. The largest reserves of the region are Kunyak, Vikulovsky and Tyumen.

In total there are two federal and 95 regional reserves in the region. In the area of Yugra and Yamal there are four protected areas - Verkhne-Tazovsky, Yugansk, Malaya Sosva and Gydansky Reserve.

The Upper-Tazovsky Reserve is located on the slopes of the hills up to 50 meters in height. There are many river valleys and ravines on its territory, which became an ideal place for life of rare animals and plants. It is inhabited by a rare Siberian angelfish, lizards, vipers, gluttons, moose, cedars, spruce, and larch grow.