The machine-building complex of Russia

The machine-building complex is a collection of certain industries, the products of which are various machines and mechanisms. And this education is characterized by very complex connections.

The machine-building complex, whose structure is extensive, includes directly engineering, as well as metalworking. The products of the enterprises of this complex play a major role in the process of realizing the latest achievements of modern scientific and technical progress. And this is relevant for all areas of the national economy.

Structure of the sphere of mechanical engineering

This largest integrated industry provides the entire national economy with instruments and equipment. For the population, it produces a variety of consumer goods. The machine building complex includes the repair of equipment and machines, as well as metalworking. Characteristic for him is the deepening of the specialization of production and the continuous expansion of the scale of activity.

The structure of the machine-building complex includes more than seventy branches. And all of them are grouped according to the purpose of the output, the similarity of technological processes and the types of raw materials used.

The structure of the machine-building complex includes:

1. Power and heavy engineering. These include the production of energy, lifting and transport, mining, printing and nuclear equipment, wagon, turbine and diesel locomotive building.
2. Machine tool , responsible for the production of various kinds of machines.
3. Transport engineering , which includes industries for the production of cars and ships, as well as related to aviation and rocket and space.
4. Tractor construction and agricultural machinery .
5 . Instrument-making, the production of electrical engineering and electronics , considered to be an accurate machine-building industry.
6. Release of machines and equipment for food and light industry.

In addition to the above-mentioned units, the machine building complex includes small metallurgy engaged in the production of rolled products and steel. This process is carried out in foundries. Similar areas are located in engineering or specialized enterprises. Here, stamping, casting, forgings and welded structures are produced.

Heavy Engineering

All the plants in this industry are distinguished by high metal consumption. At the same time, they provide the necessary machinery and equipment to enterprises related to mining, chemical, mining, fuel and energy and metallurgy.

The products of heavy engineering plants are units, parts (for example, rolls for metallurgical rolling machines), as well as finished equipment (turbines and steam boilers, excavators, mining equipment). In this industry there are ten sub-sectors. Among them are lifting and transport, track, nuclear, printing, mining and metallurgical engineering, as well as diesel, wagon, turbine and boiler construction.

The highest-priced products in the heavy engineering industry produce metallurgical equipment. They are equipped with electric smelting and blast furnaces, as well as sinter plants. High-value equipment for crushing and grinding and rolling operations is also different.

The products of mining engineering enterprises are aggregates used for exploration, extraction (open and closed method), enrichment and crushing of minerals with a solid structure. These include cleaning and mining combines, walking and rotary excavators. Applied similar equipment in the enterprises of non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, coal and chemical industry, as well as in the manufacture of building materials.

Huge economic importance for the national economy of the country has products produced by hoisting and transport engineering. After all, about five million people work with such equipment in Russia. This sub-sector produces electric and bridge cranes, belt and stationary conveyors, as well as equipment intended for complex mechanization of storage facilities.

Products wagon and diesel locomotive is designed to provide the railway sector with the necessary transport for it. This sub-branch also produces track mechanisms necessary for rail welding, laying, snow removal and other works.

As for turbine construction, its main task is to equip the energy sector with the necessary equipment. The factories of this sub-sector produce units for nuclear and hydraulic, gas turbine and thermal power plants. She is responsible for equipping the main gas pipelines and supplying injection, compressor and utilization units used in the oil refining and chemical industries, as well as non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy.

The plants of nuclear engineering specialize in the production of various equipment for nuclear power plants. This list includes corps reactors.
The minimal volume of production differs polygraphic mechanical engineering. At its enterprises, conveyors for printing plants, printing machines, etc., are manufactured.

Machine Tool Building

This branch of the machine-building complex produces:

- Metalworking tools;
- Forging and pressing equipment;
- metal-cutting machine tools;
- Woodworking equipment.

In addition to the production of finished products, this branch is responsible for centralized repair of aggregates used for metalworking.

Transport engineering

One of its branches is the aviation industry. For the production of products, materials and various equipment are used, produced at enterprises of virtually all branches of the machine-building complex. Aviation industry plants employ highly qualified engineering and labor personnel manufacturing cargo and passenger aircraft. From the conveyors of these enterprises go and helicopters of various modifications.

The products of the rocket and space industry are orbital rockets and ships of habitable and cargo type. These vehicles perfectly combine high technologies and wide inter-sectoral complexity of production.

Enterprises of the shipbuilding industry use a large amount of metal in the production of their products. But, despite this, their location is made outside the regions that have large metallurgical bases. This is due to the great difficulties in transporting finished ships. Enterprises of the shipbuilding industry possess numerous cooperative links with the factories of many branches of the national economy. This makes it possible to produce a variety of equipment on the means of water transport.

The largest branch of the machine building complex is the automobile industry. The products it produces are used in all spheres of the national economy. Cars are in demand in retail trade.

Tractor and agricultural machinery

This industry is characterized by sub-specialization. In the process of issuing its products, a small number of factories producing nodes and parts for various stages of the technological process are involved.

Tractor and agricultural machine-building produces combines of various types. These include flax harvesting and harvesting, cotton picking and maize harvesting, potato harvesting and other machines. Manufactured in the factories of this industry and various modifications of wheeled and caterpillar tractors.

Instrument making and electrotechnical industry

Products produced by enterprises of these industries are characterized by a low energy and material consumption. However, for its release, the selection of highly skilled workers and research personnel is necessary.

Instrument-making plants perform adjustment and installation of automation equipment. Their tasks include software development, design and production of medical devices, watches, office equipment and measuring equipment. Such products are science-intensive and used for automatic control of technological processes and information systems.

At the Russian factories that are part of the electrical engineering branch of engineering, at present more than one hundred thousand different products are produced.

These products find their application in almost all spheres of the national economy. The volume of products manufactured by the electrical industry exceeds the number of products that are manufactured by all branches of heavy engineering in aggregate. The main nomenclature of such goods is represented by generators to hydraulic, gas and steam turbines, as well as electric motors, electric machines, converters and transformers, electrothermal, electric welding and lighting equipment.

Mechanical engineering for food and light industry

In this sphere of production are sub-industries that produce equipment for knitted and textile, shoe and sewing, fur and leather, the food industry of the national economy. The geography of location of similar plants depends on the proximity to the consumer.

Role in the national economy

The importance of the machine-building complex can not be overestimated. After all, this industry is one of the leading in the heavy industry of Russia. At enterprises in this sphere, the main and most active mass of fixed assets is created, which includes tools. In addition, the machine building complex has a significant influence on the direction and pace of development of scientific and technological progress, on the magnitude of growth in labor productivity, as well as on many other indicators affecting the efficiency of production development.

The entire volume of products produced by the machine building complex in Russia is more than one-third of all commercial products produced in the country. At enterprises of this sphere of the national economy, 2/5 of the total number of industrial and industrial workers work. Almost a quarter of all industrial-production fixed assets in the country are installed here.

The importance of the machine-building complex in the life of large areas of Russia is important. Moreover, the development of all spheres of the national economy depends on the level of development of these enterprises. The role of the machine-building complex is also great in ensuring Russia's defense capability.

Distinctive features affecting the location of enterprises

The machine-building complex of Russia has wide inter-branch relations. But beyond this, this education has a number of characteristic features. They need to be borne in mind when placing different industries in a particular region.

First of all, the branches of the machine-building complex have developed specialization. In other words, their enterprises are focused on the production of one, or, in extreme cases, several types of products. In this case, a high concentration is observed. This is such a factor of engineering, when several enterprises are simultaneously engaged in the production of finished goods. Take, for example, an automobile plant. Its products are only vehicles.

Necessary components and components for such vehicles are received in ready-made form from other enterprises, the number of which can be quite large. This factor has a significant impact on the location of the machine building complex, which is vital for good transport links. That is why many branches of this sphere of the national economy are located in the Volga region and Central Russia. In these areas there is a well-developed transport network.

The geography of the machine building complex of Russia, which focuses on the production of the most complex and progressive goods (electronics and radio engineering), is connected with the factor of science intensity. That is why such industries are located near Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, etc. That is, close to those places where the scientific base is well developed.

The machine-building complex, whose products are connected with the military-strategic factor, as a rule, have in "closed" cities. These are Snezhinsk, Novouralsk, Sarov, etc. Sometimes such production facilities are located near military bases.

The factors of the machine-building complex that affect its development include the presence of a significant number of qualified personnel. Thus, the most labor-intensive industries are machine tools and instrumentation. That is why similar production is located in the regions with the largest concentration of population, that is, in Moscow, Voronezh, Penza, Ryazan, etc.

In the construction of heavy engineering enterprises, their large material consumption is taken into account. To produce products in these industries requires a lot of metal. Only with its availability can it be possible to produce metallurgical and power equipment. Similar enterprises are located in the regions of the Urals (Yekaterinburg), Siberia (Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk). This is due to the large metallurgical base available in these regions. Sometimes heavy engineering enterprises are guided by imported raw materials. There are those in St. Petersburg.

There are such types of machines, the need for which is experienced only by certain regions. This applies, for example, to tractors for the export of timber and flax harvesters. Such a technique is not easy to transport, and therefore, it is best to produce it where there is a need.

The difficulties experienced

The development of the machine-building complex since the 90s of the last century significantly reduced its pace. Some of these enterprises were simply shut down, others significantly reduced the volume of products. Particularly decreased the number of products at factories that produce machines, agricultural machinery, as well as precision engineering products. What was the main reason for this process? It was hidden in the low quality of our products, which could not compete with imported products. In addition, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, there was a disruption of all the production ties that existed between the republics of the country.

The problems of the machine building complex lie in the great wear and tear of the equipment. According to statistics, it reaches almost 70%. This state of affairs exists in helicopter and shipbuilding, as well as in radio electronics. The average age of machine tools in machine-building plants is approximately 20 years. This does not allow the use of new technologies in the production of products. To date, many engineering industries require a radical modernization of equipment. Only in this case the products produced by them will become competitive in the market.

The aggravation of the situation is facilitated by many foreign companies. Penetrating to our market, such corporations significantly increase the level of competition.

Another acute problem of the machine-building industry is the shortage of personnel. The system of training of labor resources, which existed in the USSR, was simply destroyed. To date, the age of skilled workers is already approaching retirement age. Due to the acute shortage of young personnel, the process of modernization of machine-building production is considerably slowed down. But this deplorable situation is improving slightly thanks to investment projects. New factories are being built and already built, old enterprises are being reconstructed, new ones are being built up and formerly existing production ties are being restored.