Spelling of the vowels at the root of the word. Spelling of alternating vowels in the root of the word

The letter to be written in place of the unstressed vowel, we learn by checking other forms and words in which in the same significant part (prefix, root, ending, suffix), the verified vowel of interest is in this position under stress. For example: type (check the word "typed"), mountain - mountain, mountains, in the house (in the table), earth (oatmeal).

What is this article about?

The general rule governing the spelling of vowels at the root of the word was presented above. However, there are a number of exceptions and special cases. After reading this article, you will get acquainted with the theme "spelling of vowels in the root of the word". This will help you avoid spelling mistakes. The spelling of verifiable, non-verifiable and alternating vowels will be discussed in detail.

Vigilant vowels that are checked by accentuation

The writing of the letters in the roots on the site of any unstressed vowels, according to the general rule, is established by checking the forms and words with the same root, the verified vowel in which is under stress.

You can give the following examples: gardens (kindergarten, garden), water (water, water), pig (pig), talk (conversation, speaking), egg (eggs), young (youth, young, young), prankster, Heat (hot, hot).

How should some unstressed vowels be checked?

In some cases, the general rule governing the spelling of vowels at the root of a word can not be applied, since the differences in the writing of single-root words exist because they belong to different languages. Such are the incomplete unaccented combinations of la, ra ( cut, gates, head, reins, drag, cloud and others), which are always written with "a", since by origin these are Old Slavonic words; Such combinations in Russian roots correspond to the Olo, Oro ( short, gates, head, furrows, drag ). These words do not obey the general law governing the spelling of unstressed vowels. The rules of Russian spelling, therefore, have their own exceptions.

An unconcerned vowel "o" can not be checked by any forms of imperfective form when we are dealing with the roots of the perfect verbs. For example, in words late, flood, bifurcate, swallow, trample the vowel "o" is checked by the following single-root words: late, treads, two, pharynx , although there are verbs: late, flood, bifurcate, swallow.

The general rule governing the spelling of vowels at the root of a word can not be applied to foreign language concepts, since the verifying and verified vowel in them can relate to morphemes of different origins. For example, in the word "accompaniment", the subject is a suffix of French origin, and in the word "accompanying" -Irova-the German suffix. Compare: "engagement - engage", "subscription - subscribe", as well as the words "intellect" and "intelligentsia", formed in Latin from different root bases.

When choosing which vowel should be written ("a" or "o") in the unstressed position, you should not use verbs with suffix -ыыва (-ива-) of imperfect type for verification.

For example, in the roots of the words "trample," "throw," "silent," "look" for testing the appropriate unstressed vowel, one should involve such forms and words as "throwing", "throwing", "watching," "trampling," " Silence "," review "," silent ", but not the verbs" trample, "" sketch, "" consider, "" keep silent, "in which there is an alternation of" a "-" o "(learn - assimilate, earn - earn and etc.).

One should be especially careful when writing words in which homonymous roots are present, the unstressed vowel in which is pronounced identically, but is indicated in the letter in different letters.

Compare: purity (clean) and frequency (frequent), rinse and caress, for the time being (until now) and couples (pairs), foxes (foxes) and forests (woods) , etc.

After paired soft and hissing consonants, the letter "e" is written both in accordance with "o" (on the letter "e"), and with "e". Compare: led (whistle), whiten (white), rustle (rustling), village (rural and villages) and silk (silk), acorns (acorns), pearls (pearls).

Shock-proof unstressed vowels

There are many words in our language in which the root vowels can not be verified by accentuation. In this case, you should remember the spelling of unstressed vowels at the root of the word. Spelling is determined by the dictionary. Included in this list are both borrowed and primordially Russian words. Some of them: antagonism, aboriginal, beefsteak, badminton, vestibule, briolin, bagpipe, vinaigrette, delicacy, range, demagogue, airship, initiative, dependency, cannonade, bondage, criminology, burner, kosche, holster, scrapbook, macaque, charm, Glamor, optimism, opportunity, panegyric, panorama, frontage, privilege, confusion, plasticine, utilitarian, tunnel, Esperanto.

The difficult case of writing vowels in the root

In the word "velvet" in the unstressed position, after the "x" is written the letter "a" (as well as "velvety", "velvet"), although in the word "velvet" under the stress - a vowel "o" (option: "velvet "). In the word "swan" in the second syllable unstressed vowel, transmitted by the letter "e" corresponds to "I" and "e" under stress: swan, a winches, a winch . In the word "rook" "a" is written without stress, and in the word "boat" under stress - "o".

In the words "children", "cubs", "childbearing", "children", etc., without stress, use the letter "e" in accordance with "e" in the stressed syllable: "children" or, for example, "childhood", " Childless "," children's ", etc. In the word "child", however, as well as in some of the old-fashioned variants, for example, "child" and "child", "and" (in "child" - percussion "and") are written.

Unshielded connecting vowels

When two or more bases are combined into one complex concept, as well as the formation of words, the constituent parts of which are morphemes of an international character, a connecting vowel is used, which is transmitted by the letters "e" and "o".

After solid paired consonants , "o" is written, and after the sibilant, "q" and soft pairs, and "j", the letter "e" is used, for example: worldview, sound director, haymaker, dictophone, employer, one-time, Moskvoretsky, hundred-ruble, ninety , Old Russian, seafarer, public, vacuum cleaner, freshly painted, millennial, sheep breeding, mousetrap, tea-drinking, oil-moistened, mud bath.

So, as you have seen, there are several nuances of the general rule governing the spelling of unstressed vowels at the root of the word. Spelling of connecting vowels, for example, is a special case.

Spelling of alternating vowels in the root of the word

In the Russian language, there are roots in which one can not be guided by a general rule when writing certain unstressed vowels in place of corresponding letters, since it obeys tradition. Let us therefore consider separately the spelling of alternating vowels in the root of the word. The following roots can be distinguished, in which there are alternating vowels.

1. With the letters "o" and "a"

Mountain-gar. In place of unstressed here is written "o", although under stress we have "a", for example: burn, burn, burn, burn, burnt, tanned, combustible, but: sunburn, burnt, burnt, burn. Exceptions are (in which the "gar" without emphasis): sludge, cinders, cinder (along with the version of the cinder), a snare .

Zor-zar. The rule governing the spelling of an unstressed vowel at the root of the word is as follows. "A" is written in the position of unstressed vowel: lightning, dawn, illuminate, glow, illumination, illuminate, zarina (bird) ; Under the stress can be "about" and "a": radiant, glow, dawn, radiant, zorenka, dawn, dawn, dawn.

Kos-kas. In these roots, "a" is written, when after it follows "a", in other cases - "o": touching, touching, touching, touching, but touching, touching, touching (vowel under stress does not occur).

Clone clan. The spelling of the roots of these is as follows: "o" is written in the position of an unstressed vowel, for example: tilt, bow, bow, bow, bow, deviate, declension, worship ; "O" and "a" - under stress: inclination, bow, adamant, inclined and bow, bow, bow out.

Krop-krap. "O" - without stress in words with a certain meaning, namely "cover with sprays, drops": sprinkling (from sprinkling), sprinkling, sprinkled, sprinkled, sprinkled ; In words with the meaning "to cover with specks, small dots" - the letter "a": dredging, sracked, interspersed . Under stress, only "a" is written: speck, stain, impregnate, speckle, speckled, interspersed.

Log-log-log. The spelling of the unstressed vowel at the root of the word is as follows: in place of some unstressed vowel located in front of the "g", one should use "a" and "o" before "ж", for example: to impose, expound, apply, assume, , Vagina, delay, addendum, adjective, but: lay down, lay down, lay down, postpone, attach, suggest, position, narrative, verse, sentence, turn-down, complex. Under stress is always written "o": pledge, tax, forged, put, put . In the word "canopy", where there is a root "-log", it does not stand out already in modern language, so it is written "o" without stress before "g".

Mac-urine-wet. The spelling of the roots of these is the following: before the "to" in place of the unstressed one is written the letter "a", in words with the following meaning: "immerse in liquid, dip": dip, dunk, dunk; The letter "o" - in those of them that have the meaning "to become wet": to soak, wet, soak , soak , in the derivatives of the word "wet" (sputum, wet, wet) and in having the meaning "drain something, Absorbent ": get wet, get wet, blotter, blotting. The letter "o" is always written before "h": wet, wet, soaked, I will soak. Such is the spelling of the vowels in the root.

2. The letters "e" and "i" in the roots

Blas (t, k) -blist. The letters "and" and "e" are written in the position of an unstressed vowel: before "st" - "and" with the next percussion "a", for example: shines, shine, shine, shine, shine, brilliant , in other cases - "e" : Shines, shines, shiny, shiny, baubles, shine , etc. Under stress - "e" and "e": shines, shine, glitter, shiny, spill, gloss, glitter . The spelling of the unstressed vowels of the root word "bles (t, k) / shine / shine, therefore, is governed by a very definite rule.

Weight-vis. In the verb "hanging" ( hanging, hanging ) in place of the unstressed vowel, "and" are written, in derivatives from it ( hanging, hanging , etc.), and also in the prefix verbs, in which there is a common part "-to-hang": hanging, Hanging, hanging , etc. (under the stress: to hang, to hang); The letter "e" - in words such as a signboard, hang out, hinged, suspended, on weight (under stress: hang, hang, hang ). Such is the spelling of the vowels in the root.

Position after hissing

After the "h", "w", "w", "w" are written not the letters "y", "yu", "I", but, respectively, "and", "y", "a", for example: Gull, squint, miracle, sew, fat.

Exceptions: jury, pamphlet, pshyut, parachute, fichu and other words of foreign origin.

This rule does not apply also to foreign names ( Julie, Jules , etc.), as well as letter abbreviations and complex words, in which any combination of letters is possible ( Mezhyurburo , etc.).

Under the accent, "e (e)" is written in the root after the hissing, in pronunciation corresponding to the sound "o", if in another form of this word or in related words "e" is written ( yellow - yellowness, black - black ); "O" is written in the absence of such relations. Compare:

A) the evening, the twine, the chewed, the cheap;

B) artichoke, pulp, john, zhor.

Writing "o" is possible in words that are borrowed, after sibilants that are in unstressed syllables, for example: juggler, jockey, chauvinism, chocolate, chauffeur, Scottish, highway.

Vowels after "c"

The letters "yu" and "I" after "ts" can be written only in their own non-Russian names (surnames, geographical names, etc.). For example: Qianshan, Zurich, Tsiavlovsky, Tsiurupa.

After "c" in the striking syllable, "o" is written, if the "o" sound is pronounced here: a socle, a clatter, a clown.

In the root after "ts" is written not "s", but "and": tsibik, tsianisty, civilization, cicada, chicory, cycle, circus, quote, figure , etc.

Exceptions: chicken, gypsy, chickens, tiptoe and root.