Collective numerals. The use and declension of collective numerals

The Russian language course in the school curriculum provides for the study of all official and significant parts of speech. To study each of them there is a section of the language that is given a certain amount of time. One of the voluminous topics is "Numeral Names". It contains many sections. This is the structure of this part of speech, in which there are quantitative, ordinal, integer, fractional and collective numerals. And also ways of using words denoting numbers in a sentence, their variation by genera, and declension by case.

Definition

The study of the section on the name of the numerals begins with the third grade and continues throughout the school course. In the textbook on Russian language, the definition sounds something like this: it is an independent part of speech, which is formed by an incomplete group of words indicating the number and number of objects, as well as their ordinal number when counting and answering the questions of what? and how many? The initial form of the numerative name is the nominative case.

Morphological signs of the numerals

Like other independent parts of speech, the numeral has variable and constant signs. The first include the genus, number and case form, and to others - belonging to the category and type in the system of numerals. It is these morphological features that are the basis for recognizing this part of speech as independent.

Numbers of numerals

By value, all numerals are divided into two categories:

1. Quantitative. As a rule, words related to this category indicate the number and number of objects. Among the quantitative numerals there are three types: whole ( five, eight, twenty ), fractional ( one fifth, three fourth ) and collective ( two, two, five ). It should be noted that some types of quantitative numerals can be used simultaneously, forming mixed numbers. For example: two whole and three fourth, one whole and one second. Collective and fractional numerals can not be used together.
2. Ordinal. Words that belong to this category indicate the ordinal number of the object or person in the account. For example: fifth, seventh, thirty-third, one hundred and fifty-eighth . As can be seen from the example, such numerals can consist of either one word or several.

Structure of numerals by composition

Depending on how many words a numeral name consists of, it can be simple ( one, forty ), complex ( sixty, seventy ) and compound ( twenty-five, two-thirds ). It should be noted that those numerals that are built on the basis of simple ones, for example, five and ten to fifty, are complex.

Collective numerals and their signs

Collective numerals are a special group of words that indicate the totality of objects or persons. Quite often school children confuse simple numerals with collective ones. That this does not happen, they need to learn to distinguish. For example: two fishermen - a simple numerals; Two fishermen - a collective numeral. This species is formed on the basis of a quantitative numeral by adding the suffix -o or -ep- and ending -e or -o . For example: two - two, three - three, four - four, five - five, six - six, seven - seven, eight - eight, nine - nine, ten - ten.

Declination of numerals

As already mentioned, one of the non-permanent signs of this part of speech is a change in cases. This topic is quite difficult to learn, and many make mistakes when declaring numerals by case even when they are adults. And the reason is special forms of declension of certain words. Each kind of numerals leans according to certain rules:

• The declension of collective numbers is the same as in the case of adjectives that stand in the plural.
• When you change the case form of a fractional number, the first part is declined, as a simple integer, and the second - as an ordinal, in the plural.
• Quantitative numerals with declension have their own peculiarities: the number "one" is inclined according to the type of the pronoun "this", and the remaining numbers should be considered by an example. It is also worth noting that when the compound numerals are declined, all parts of the number are inclined.

Examples of declining numerals

It should also be noted that such quantitative numerals, as few, are many, can only be used in the nominative and accusative cases. But the words are few, many, few and how much, when used in indirect cases, they acquire endings similar to adjectives in the plural.

Syntactic combinability of the numerals

Another important topic in the section on the name of the numerals is the use of this part of speech. Quite often in everyday life you have to make sentences with collective numerals, and therefore you should know how to correctly pronounce and write them. And in order not to make mistakes, it is necessary to study not only the declension of numerals by case, but also the topic that reveals what it is possible to combine the collective numeral. Noun - this is the main companion of numerals for syntactic compatibility. And here there are a lot of features that every educated person should know.

The use of quantitative integers and ordinal numbers

If the numeral in the sentence is used in the nominative and accusative cases, then the noun must have the genitive case. For example: nine notebooks, twenty roses, five people.

It should also be noted that such numerals as one and a half, four, three and two, are combined only with nouns in the singular, and all others in the plural. For example: two notebooks, three roses, four people.

The examples discussed above show syntactic compatibility, which is called control, since the case of a noun depends on the numeral.

Another type of compatibility is agreement, when both parts of speech are used in one case. An exception in this case is only the word one , which agrees with the noun in all cases.

When the ordinal numbers are matched with the noun, they behave the same way as the adjectives. For example: the eighth week, the tenth day, the fourth day . Declining such a numerals with cases, it should be borne in mind that only the end of the last word changes. For example: one hundred and fifty-fifth paragraph .

The use of collective numerals

Collective numerals are combined with nouns only in the genitive case. The exception is the word " both" , in which the companion must have only a plural number. For example: seven kittens and both friends.