Special educational needs are what?

Special educational needs are a term that appeared not so long ago in modern society. Abroad, he entered the mass consumption earlier. The emergence and spread of the concept of special educational needs (PLO) suggests that the society is gradually growing up and is trying in every possible way to help children whose life opportunities are limited, as well as those who, by the will of circumstances, have fallen into a difficult life situation. The society begins to help such children to adapt in life.

A child with special educational needs is no longer the one with abnormalities and developmental disorders. Socium departs from the division of children into "normal" and "abnormal", because between these concepts there are very illusory boundaries. Even with the most common abilities, a child may experience a development gap if he does not receive due attention from parents and society.

The essence of the concept of children with OOP

Special educational needs are a concept that should gradually supplant from terms of mass usage such terms as "anomalous development", "developmental disabilities", "developmental deviations". It does not determine the normality of the child, but focuses on the fact that he is not very different from the rest of society, but he has the need to create special conditions for his education. This will make his life more comfortable and as close as possible to that of ordinary people. In particular, the education of such children should be carried out using specific means.

Note that "children with special educational needs" is not only a name for those who suffer from mental and physical disorders, but also for those who do not. For example, when the need for special education arises under the influence of any socio-cultural factors.

Borrowing the term

Special educational needs are a concept that was first applied in a London report in 1978 on the problems of education and the complexities of teaching disabled children. Gradually, it began to be used more often. At present, this term has become part of the educational system in European countries. It is also widely distributed in the US and Canada.

In Russia, the concept appeared later, but one can not say that its meaning is just a Western term.

Groups of children with OOP

The contingent of children who have PLO, modern science divides into three groups:

• With characteristic limited opportunities for health reasons;
• Encountered learning difficulties;
• Living in adverse conditions.

That is, in modern defectology the term has the following meaning: special educational needs are the conditions for the development of the child, Which requires workarounds to achieve those tasks of cultural development, which under normal conditions are carried out by standard methods, ingrained in modern culture.

Categories of children with mental and physical development

Each child with PLO has its own characteristics. On this basis, children can be divided into the following groups:

• For which hearing impairment is characteristic (complete or partial absence of hearing);
• With problematic vision (complete or partial lack of vision);
• With intellectual anomalies (those who have a mental retardation) ;
• In which speech is broken;
• Having problems with the musculoskeletal system;
• With a complex structure of violations (deaf and deaf, etc.);
• Autistic;
• Children who have emotional-volitional violations.

OOP, common to various categories of children

Experts singled out PLO, which are common to children, despite the difference in their problems. These include the needs of this kind:

• The education of children with special educational needs should begin as soon as violations in normal development were identified. This will not lose time and achieve the maximum result.
• Use of specific tools for training.
• The curriculum should include special sections that are not present in the standard school curriculum.
• Differentiation and individualization of training.
• The opportunity to maximize the process of education beyond the institution.
• Extension of the process of study after graduation. Enabling young people to enter the university.
• Participation of qualified specialists (doctors, psychologists, etc.) in training a child with problems, involving parents in the educational process.

General deficiencies that are observed in the development of children with OOP

Students with special educational needs share common characteristic shortcomings. To them it is possible to carry:

• Lack of knowledge about the environment, narrow horizons.
• Problems with general and fine motor skills.
• Retardation in the development of speech.
• Difficulty in arbitrarily adjusting behavior.
• Non-communicability.
• Problems with cognitive activity.
• Pessimism.
• Inability to behave in society and control one's own behavior.
• Low or too high self-esteem.
• Insecurity in their abilities.
• Full or partial dependence on others.

Actions aimed at overcoming common shortcomings of children with PLO

Working with children with special educational needs is aimed at eliminating these common shortcomings with the help of specific methods. For this, some standard changes are made to the standard general subjects of the school curriculum. For example, the introduction of propaedeutic courses, that is, introductory, concise, facilitating understanding of the child. This method helps to restore the missing segments of knowledge about the environment. Can be introduced additional items that help improve overall and fine motor skills: exercise therapy, creative circles, modeling. In addition, all kinds of trainings can be conducted to help children with the PLO to realize themselves as full-fledged members of society, increase their self-esteem and gain confidence in themselves and their abilities.

Specific weaknesses characteristic for the development of children with OOP

Work with children with special educational needs, in addition to solving common problems, should also include the resolution of issues arising from the existence of specific shortcomings. This is an important nuance of educational work. Specific disadvantages include those that are caused by damage to the nervous system. For example, problems with hearing and vision.

The methodology of teaching children with special educational needs takes into account these shortcomings in the development of programs and plans. In the training program, specialists include specific subjects that are not part of the regular school system. Thus, children with visual impairments are additionally trained in orientation in space, and in the presence of hearing impairments help develop residual ears. The program for their training also includes lessons on the formation of oral speech.

The tasks of teaching children with OOP

• The organization of the educational system in such a way as to maximize the desire of children to learn the world, to form their practical knowledge and skills, to expand their horizons.
• Differential education of children with special educational needs in order to identify and develop the abilities and inclinations of students.
• Stimulating to independent actions and making their own decisions.
• Formation and activation of cognitive activity in students.
• Laying the foundations of a scientific worldview.
• Ensuring the comprehensive development of a self-sufficient personality, which could adapt in the existing society.

Learning functions

Individual education of children with special educational needs is called upon to perform the following functions:

• Developing. This function assumes that the learning process is aimed at developing a full-fledged personality, which is facilitated by the acquisition of children of relevant knowledge, skills and habits.
• Educational. No less important function. Education of children with special educational needs promotes the formation of their basic knowledge, which will form the basis of the information fund. There is also an objective need to develop practical skills for them that will help them in the future and significantly simplify their lives.
• Educational. The function is aimed at the formation of a comprehensive and harmonious development of personality. For this purpose, students are taught literature, art, history, physical culture.
• Correction. This function involves influencing children through special methods and techniques that stimulate cognitive abilities.

Structure of corrective pedagogical process

The development of children with special educational needs includes the following components:

• Diagnostic-monitoring. Work on diagnostics is one of the most important when teaching children with OOP. In the corrective process, she is given the leading role. It is an indicator of the effectiveness of all activities for the development of children with PLO. It includes a study of the characteristics and needs of each student who needs help. Based on this, a program is developed, group or individual. Also of great importance is the study of the dynamics with which a child develops in the process of studying in a special school on a special program, evaluating the effectiveness of the educational plan.
• Physical culture and health. Since most children with PLO have deviations in physical development, this component of the process of development of students is extremely important. It includes classes for children with exercise therapy, which helps them learn how to control their body in space, to work out the clarity of movements, to bring certain actions to automatism.

• Educational and educational. This component contributes to the formation of comprehensively developed personalities. As a result, children with PLO, who until recently could not normally exist in the world, become harmoniously developed. In addition, in the training process much attention is paid to the process of education of full members of modern society.
• Correction and development. This component is aimed at developing a full-fledged personality. It is based on the organized activities of children with PLO, aimed at obtaining the knowledge necessary for a full life, the assimilation of historical experience. That is, the learning process should be based in such a way as to maximize the desire to learn the students. This will help them catch up with the development of peers who do not have deviations in development.
• Socio-educational. It is this component that completes the formation of a full-fledged personality, ready for independent existence in the modern society.

The need for individual education of the child with the OOP

For children with PLO, two forms of training can be used : collective and individual. Their effectiveness depends on each individual case. Collective education takes place in special schools, where special conditions for such children are created. When communicating with peers, a child with developmental problems begins to develop actively and in some cases achieves greater results than some absolutely healthy children. In this case, the individual form of education is necessary for the child in the following situations:

• It is characterized by the presence of multiple developmental disorders. For example, in the case of severe mental retardation or in the teaching of children with simultaneous hearing and visual impairment.
• When a child has specific developmental abnormalities.
• Age features. Individual training at an early age gives good results.
• When teaching a child at home.

However, in fact, individual training for children with OOP is extremely undesirable, since this leads to the formation of a closed and insecure personality. In the future, this entails problems in communicating with peers and other people. With collective education, most children develop communicative abilities. As a result, the formation of full-fledged members of society.

Thus, the emergence of the term "special educational needs" speaks of the maturation of our society. Since this concept translates a child with disabilities and developmental anomalies into the category of normal full-fledged individuals. Teaching children with PLO is aimed at broadening their horizons and forming their own opinions, training skills and skills that they need to conduct a normal and full life in modern society.

In fact, special educational needs are called needs, which differ from those that are offered to all children in general education schools. The wider the opportunities for satisfying them, the higher the child's chance to get the maximum level of development and the support necessary for him at a difficult stage of growing up.

The quality of the education system for children with PLO is determined by an individual approach to each student, since each "special" child is characterized by the existence of his own problem, which prevents him from leading a full life. And often this problem can be solved, albeit not completely.

The main goal of educating children with PLO is the introduction of previously isolated individuals into the society, as well as the achievement of the maximum level of education and development by every child, who is included in this category, and the activation of his aspiration for knowledge of the world around him. It is extremely important to form and develop from them full-fledged individuals who will become an integral part of the new society.