Social type of personality. Personality structure: social personality types

The soul ... Consciousness ... Personality ... What only the highest minds did not puzzle over these concepts. The world-renowned psychoanalyst, Freud, for the first time introduced a structural concept of personality as a dynamic entity.

Learning personality

One of the main directions in sociology is to explore the personality as a social type. This is due to the fact that this definition provides an opportunity to understand how a society functions taking into account the interests and needs of each individual, and also on it one can judge about the development of the environment.

In the course of studying the concept of "personality", scientists settled on the use of six approaches:

1. Dialectical-materialistic: initially man is a social being whose development depends on biology, upbringing, social environment and self-education skills.
2. Anthropological: a person is the bearer of universal human properties.
3. Normative: a person is a social being that has a consciousness and an ability to work.
4. Sociological: a person is a person who embodies and realizes socially significant features and qualities.
5. Personalistic: the main means of forming personality is "I am perception." Personality - a set of mental reactions of a person to the opinion of others around him.
6. Biologo-genetic: a person's bioprogram determines his behavior.

Thus, the concept of "personality" is multifaceted. It characterizes man as a subject and object of biosocial relations and as a unifying principle in him of individual, social and human traits. Those features that are most often manifested in a member of society, and form a personality type.

Device of personality

This definition includes three levels: biological, psychological and social. The first consists of the natural qualities of man: this is the structure of the body, and temperament, and sexual characteristics. The second combines the psychological properties associated with heredity (will, memory, feelings, thinking).

The third level has sublevels described as follows:

1. Sociological: the interests of the individual, her motives of behavior, life experience, goals and so on. The sub-level is in close connection with the public consciousness.
2. Specific-cultural. This includes all values and norms of human behavior.
3. Moral. This is the moral part of the personality.

Structure of personality. Social types of personality

Of course, the above system of levels is rather crude and abstract, but nevertheless is the basis for further study. The psychologist SL Rubinshtein used answers to three questions for human research: "What does he want, what attracts and what does he strive for?" The answers open the door to the secrets of the individual's individual content.

KK Platonov identified four personality substructures:

1. An orientation that includes beliefs, worldviews, desires, inclinations, interests. At this level, moral qualities are manifested, as well as various human relationships.
2. Experience, manifested in skills, knowledge, skills. Here, individuality develops through accumulated historical experience.
3. Personal features of mental processes and functions.
4. Biological features (sex, age, type of nervous system and so on).

AN Leontiev gives the definition of personality as a special quality only of social origin. On the structure of the well-known psychologist says that this is a "stable configuration of the main, internally motivational, hierarchical lines."

Thus, the nucleus of motivational structures is located in the center of personal functioning. The next level is the way to implement motives (personality traits, social roles, and so on). The peculiarities of a person's relationship with themselves and the world around them are concluded in the third substructure. The connection of all the characteristics of a person, constantly manifested in the impact of the environment, is a social type of personality.

Research of determining the type of an individual

The concept of "personality as a social type" attracted many researchers. For example, Aristotle grouped features and thereby divided people into "virtues" and "perverse." K. G. Jung described the personality turned to himself ("Yin"), and focused on the outside world ("Yan"). In psychology, they began to be called introverts and extroverts. Also, they identified types of people - sensory, logic, emotions and intuitions. The basis of the first type - sensations, the second - thinking, the third - emotions, the fourth - intuition. D. Moreno and T. Parsons created a role theory of personality. It says that every individual in a social system occupies his or her specific place (status). Each status contains a number of roles performed by a person.

Typology of the individual

Through the system of education and education, taking into account the requirements of society, a social type of personality begins to be formed. Sociology believes that personality is what connects mental processes and gives behavior stability and consistency. An important role in the structuring of the type was played by the following theories: psychobiological (U. Sheldon), biosocial (G. Allport, K. Rogers), psycho-social (D. Eysenck, R. Kettel), psychosocial (K. Horney, K. Adler).

Typologies exist different. For example, M. Weber in the basis of his system laid the degree of rationality of action. E. Fromm, defining the social type of personality, divides it into receptive, accumulative, exploitative, market.

Today in sociology it is customary to distinguish the following types of individuals:

1. Traditionalist. The main values of such a person are debt, order, discipline. In it there is no desire for self-realization.
2. Idealist. A type with negation refers to traditions, is independent, does not recognize authorities. Often engaged in self-development.
3. Frustrated. The person has low self-esteem, often complains of health and depressed state.
4. Realist. People who are of this type are responsible, control their emotions, and engage in self-realization.
5. Hedonist. Most often, such a person tends to get pleasure, to achieve their desires.

Social-psychological types of personality are also singled out:

1. "The actors." For representatives of this type, the main task is to change other people and themselves. They are active, self-sufficient, responsible.
2. "Thinkers." As an example of this kind, one can cite the image of a wise man who is called upon to reflect and observe.
3. "Emotional". This includes individuals who rely on feelings, emotions, intuition. They are bright, creative personalities capable of appreciating beauty.
4. "Humanists". This type has a very developed empathy. He excellently feels the state of mind of man.

Of course, most often there is a mixed social personality type. We can say that in every person lives a sage, an activist and a humanist.

How to determine the type of person. Test

There are many methods for investigating one's personality. The most common are:

1. The test of Leonhard. The questionnaire is 88 questions, to which "yes" or "no" should be answered. The result will be an accentuation of the character, that is, the most characteristic feature for the given individual will be revealed.
2. Test of Holland. There are 42 pairs of professions, from which it is necessary to choose more preferable. The bottom line is the definition of your type.
3. Typical questionnaire Keirsey. It consists of 70 questions with the proposed answers. You need to select one statement. As a result, the definition of the personality profile.