Short adjectives. Adjectives in brief form

Every schoolboy knows what an adjective is . However, far from all know the rules of spelling of this part of speech, as well as on what groups it shares, etc.

general information

The adjective's name is a part of speech that describes the properties and qualities of objects (for example, an old chair ), events ( an incredible incident ), states ( strong feeling ) and other phenomena of the surrounding world ( heavy childhood ). In addition, the adjective indicates that the object belongs to someone ( mother bag, fox burrow ).

Basic views

Depending on how it is designated and which attribute has an adjective, and also what grammatical properties it possesses, this part of speech is divided into the following groups:

• Relative;
• Qualitative;
• Possessive.

Relative adjectives

Such a group describes the properties of a feature, action or object through its relation to another feature, action or object.

Here are some examples: a bookcase, mandarin juice, children's games, destructive power, Brazil nut, double blow, religious beliefs, etc.

Qualitative adjectives

Such a group has its own peculiarities, namely:

• Indicates the signs of objects: age (old), size (sick), speed (fast), color (blue), human properties (evil), assessment (normal), physical properties (strong, thick, thick, etc.) .
• Forms such degrees of comparison as the excellent (the strongest, the thinnest, the most important, the most important ) and the comparative ( stronger, thinner, more important, etc. ).
• They have short forms (for example, fast, thick, powerful , etc.). It should be specially noted that short adjectives can not be formed from all qualitative ones.

Possessive adjectives

Adjectives of such a group answer the question "whose?", And also indicate the belonging of something to an animal ( hare burrow, cow milk) or to a person ( Papin wallet, Petina machine ). It should also be noted that all possessive adjectives are formed from animate nouns by means of suffixes such as -nin, -in, -y, -ev, -o.

Here are some examples: grandfather - grandfather; Father - fathers, etc.

Adjective short name

In addition to the division into relative, qualitative and possessive groups, this part of speech differs in special forms. So, in Russian there are:

• Short;
• Full adjectives.

And the former are formed by a kind of reduction of the latter. To understand what features have short adjectives, you should consider all the rules concerning their education and spelling. After all, only this information will allow you to correctly use this part of speech in writing a text or in an oral conversation.

Endings

Adjectives in brief form in the singular have the following generic endings:

• The feminine gender is the ending -a . Let's give examples: new, thin, strong, skinny, etc.
• The male gender is the zero ending. Let's give examples: strong, strong, skinny, new, beautiful, etc.
• The middle genus is the ending -o or -e ( beautiful, strong, strong, new, thin, lean, etc. ).

In the plural, there are no generic differences in this part of speech in this form. Thus, all short adjectives have endings -i or -y ( strong, strong, beautiful, new, graceful, thin, etc. ).

Short form features

As you can see, this part of speech can be declined by birth and by number. However, it should be remembered that short adjectives never change by case. In the sentence, such members usually act as a predicate.

Let's give a perimeter: She's very clever. In this case, the word "smart" is a short adjective that acts as a predicate.

It should also be noted that some kinds of this part of speech with several lexical meanings can form a brief form only in some of them. For example, the word "poor" does not have a short adjective, if it means "miserable, unhappy." In addition, some adjectives also can not have their full form. To such words it is possible to carry , I am glad, any and much.

What is the difference from complete ones?

Only qualitative adjectives have a short form . Their difference from complete ones lies in the definition of morphological characters. That is, as was said above, such a form of the presented part of speech does not change in cases, but inclines only in number and genus. In addition, the short adjectives are different from the full syntactic role. So, in a sentence they do not act as a definition, but in the form of a predicate or its constituent. Although in some cases they are still referred to as definition. Most often, this phenomenon is observed in phraseological phrases or in works of folk art (for example, in bare feet, in broad daylight, redden the girl, the good of a young man, etc. ).

Spelling of brief adjectives

To correctly use short forms of adjectives, you should definitely learn the rules of their spelling.

1. Do you write a soft sign at the end of a short adjective? This question is of concern to many. After all, we often have to use this part of the speech when writing a text. In this regard, it should be noted that the short adjectives on sizzling (at the end of the word) are written without a soft sign. Here is an example: fragrant, hot, dense, prickly, like, good, mighty, etc.
2. How many letters "n" in brief adjectives? Remember this rule is pretty easy. The letters "n" in the short adjectives are kept in the same quantity as in the full form. Here is an example: the road is long (long), facial expressions are artificial (artificial), ruddy blush (rouge), etc.
3. How do you spell "not" with short adjectives? Remember this rule is very easy and simple. But for this you need to know how to spell a particle of "not" with full adjectives. After all, for a short form these rules are fully preserved. In other words, "not" with a short name of the adjective should be written exactly as with the full one. Let's give an example: the road is not easy (that is, hard, difficult) - the road is not easy (that is difficult, difficult) . In this case, "not" should be written together. However, such a particle with short adjectives must be written separately, if the full form is not used. Let's give an example: not ready, not ready, not ready, not ready .
4. In short adjectives, after sibilants, the letter "o" is written only if it is under stress. For example: the food is hot, the person is ridiculous .

Formation of short adjectives

Brief forms of the names of adjectives are formed from complete forms. This happens by adding to them the ancestral endings:

• Zero or male;
• Average (-e or -o);
• Female (-y or -a).

In addition, short adjectives can be plural (ending -y or -i) or singular. So how are these forms formed? These rules are very simple:

• If the basis of the full adjective ends in a consonant letter, preceded by a vowel (for example, wide-i ), then the base of the short form remains the same, that is, does not change (broad ).
• If the basis of the full adjective ends in a consonantal letter preceded by a similar one, then in the formation of a short form (only of the masculine gender) a vowel vowel e or o appears between them. Let's give an example: znay - evil, sinful - sinful, calm - calm, sharp - sharp, violent - buoy, awkward - clumsy, rectilinear - straightforward, funny - ridiculous . However, all the rules have their exceptions. So, the adjective "worthy" has a short form - "worthy", where a fluent vowel appears and. This is due to the fact that this word is formed from the noun "dignity". But he was "honored" - from the sacrament "awarded".

The ratio of full and short forms of adjectives

From the point of view of lexical meanings, three types of relations of short and full forms of adjectives are distinguished:

1. Coinciding by lexical meaning (for example, a good day and a good day, a beautiful baby and baby is beautiful ).

2. Only coincide in separate meanings:

• "Fake" in the meaning of "fake". In this case, a short form does not exist.
• "Fake" in the meaning of "insincere". In this case, the short form will be "false".
• "Poor" in the meaning of "unhappy." In this case, a short form does not exist.
• "Poor" in the sense of "indigent". In this case, the short form will be "poor".

3. A short form is considered as a semantic synonym and differs from its full meaning:

• A short form indicates a time sign, and a complete form indicates a permanent sign (for example, a baby is sick and the baby is sick );
• A short form indicates an excessive manifestation of the trait (for example, an old grandmother or old grandmother) ;
• The full form indicates an irrespective attribute, and a brief one indicates something in relation to something (for example, a dress is narrow and the dress is narrow ).
• In some cases the meanings of both forms of adjectives are so divergent that they are used and perceived as completely different words (for example, the purpose of the journey was quite clear and the weather was clear ).