List of adverbs. How to distinguish an adverb from an adjective? What is an adverb in Russian?

Each of us still from the school bench is familiar with such part of speech as an adverb. We actively use them in everyday speech, without even thinking about any rules or fundamentals of the theory.

However, it is necessary to understand the very concept: what is an adverb in Russian? According to the rules of literature, this term is defined as an unchangeable part of speech, denoting a sign of the perfect action, the state of the object or the quality of the object, and plays the role of the circumstance or the uncoordinated definition in the sentences. He answers the question: "how"?

Adverbs bring in our and you speech more meaning, accuracy and expressiveness. For the correct construction of the sentence, within which this part of the speech is worth, it is necessary to take into account its stylistic significance and semantic role.

Writing a particle not with adverbs on-o (-e). Merger use

Let us consider the spelling of a particle with non-adverbs ending in -o (-e). The role of the particle is not in the Russian language manifested in denial and word formation.

1. A particle not with adverbs on -o (-e) is written together, if a new word with the opposite meaning occurs. Instead, you can substitute a synonym, which is not absent. List of adverbs: not bad (initially the word is bad); Illiterate (the original word is correct); Not far from the original word. Exceptions are the words: not soon (soon), not in vain (in vain), not accidentally (accidentally), not on purpose (purposely).
2. A particle does not join indefinite and negative adverbs. Examples: there is no need (why), nowhere (where).
3. In case the word can not be used without a particle: ridiculously, accidentally, carelessly, unexpectedly, clumsily, sloppy.
4. If there is an opposition and an alliance in the sentence: speak in a low, but expressive manner.

Separate use

Consider another spelling of adverbs on -o (-e):

1. A separate spelling occurs if there is an opposition and a conjunction in the sentence: I thought about it not well but badly; Fly not high, but low; Visited not often, but rarely; It was not loud, but quiet.
2. If an adverb is associated with words: not at all, not at all, not at all, not at all, etc. Examples: not at all stupid, far from reliable, not too late.

Role in the phrase

The word-combinations with adverbs are found in almost all lexical-grammatical types. Depending on the part of the speech that occupies the main role, distinguish: verbal, nominal and adverbial phrases.

1. In the verb phrases the main role is given to the verb. There are also cases in which the secondary word is the adverb itself. Example: to deal with the threesome, to solve fairly.
2. In nominal phrases the main role can be given to several parts of speech. Phrases with adverbs, as with secondary members, may include nouns and adjectives. An example of a combination of a construction with a noun: a walk, a pilaf in Korean. An example of a combination of design with an adjective: unbearably hot, surprisingly sensitive.
3. What occupies the main (and secondary) position in adverbial phrases is no longer in doubt. An example of a construction with two adverbs: very stupid, still good. Example of a phrase with one noun: near the park, shortly before the weekend, alone with the father.

Adverb and adjective - what is the difference?

An important issue in the study of adverbs is the question of their similarity and difference with the adjective.

So, how to distinguish an adverb from an adjective?

First, by the absence of dependent and definable words. As a rule, the dialect plays the role of a circumstance. The adjective has with itself a few dependent words, which are agreed with it. In addition, the adjectives are easily omitted, since the adjacent prepositions do not belong to them, but to the noun.

Secondly, one adverb with a similar meaning may take the place of another: then - then, in vain - for nothing, first - first and others. Replace the names of adjectives only with other adjectives, or with other nominal parts of speech: in an empty house - in a free house.

So, we figured out how to distinguish an adverb from an adjective in Russian. The same provisions work also in the case when it is necessary to distinguish it from the noun, pronoun and numerals. Unions are distinguished by their connective function between homogeneous members, as well as parts of a complex or whole sentence.

Degrees of comparison

In the event that qualitative adjectives participated in the creation of adverbs, a comparative and excellent degree of comparison is formed.

Excellent degree and education

Adverbs of superlative degree have a compound form. It, as a rule, combines a comparative degree and two pronouns - all and all.

Qualitative adverbs

The two most important categories of adverbs are called qualitative and circumstantial. The first can determine the quality of the action (the so-called - adverb of action), or a feature that is expressed by adjectives.

Consider a list of adverbs included in the qualitative category and examples of their use:

• Talented singing, scornfully grinning, brilliantly defending, deliberately quiet, spring warm, careful, cautious, etc.
• Qualitative adverbs often play the role of an epithet that depicts figuratively the actions of verbs: "The night was solemn and regal" (from the story of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev).
• Qualitative adverbs are able to form subjective assessments, meaning the intensity, diminutiveness, caress or weakness of the trait. This form, as a rule, is characteristic for conversational speech, for example: recently, far, far away, heavy, not very good, etc.

Place of quantitative adverbs within qualitative

Quantitative adverbs, as a subgroup within qualitative ones, mean:

1. Degree or measure of action and sign: do little, hurry, much older.
2. The intensity of the action: tightly tied.
3. Accuracy: even at midnight, almost centimeter.

Such an adverb answers questions:

• How much?
• How many?
• To what extent?

List of adverbs and examples of their use: three times older, slightly subjugate, too late, etc. In addition to verbs, nouns can also be defined: almost a teenager, twice awarded, etc.

Adverbial adverbs

With the help of circumstantial adverbs, one can express the circumstance of time, space, cause and purpose. They give an explanation of the verbs, the adjective and the noun: in the daytime, in the morning, in old time, everywhere, right, from ancient times, purposely, from afar.

Qualitative and circumstantial adverbs form one more category - qualitatively-circumstantial, located somewhere in the middle. In this case, the following questions are used:

• How?
• How?
• How?

They can also include adverbs, related to numerals, and denote comparison and assimilation. List of adverbs falling under the qualitatively-circumstantial category: at random, swimming, aloud, together, five, alone, honestly, in your opinion, in my opinion, in a comradely manner.

Predicative adverbs or category of state

Predicative adverbs is a large group of parts of speech that have a status meaning and serve as a predicate. As a rule, such predicates "live" within impersonal sentences.

The condition refers to both living beings (honestly, sadly, sadly), and to the surrounding world (stuffy, narrow, spacious, rainy). Adverbs can, it is a pity, impossible, once (and a number of others) are actually predicative dialects.

Proper use of adverbs will help make your speech literate and beautiful

Comparison of adverbs of different categories helps to understand the rules of their use in both written and oral speech. Their incorrect application can lead to rather curious situations. In the speech of the older generation you can find obsolete words, as well as words characteristic of certain rural settlements: from there (instead of there), theirs (instead of them), nonche (instead of today), inside (instead of inside) and many others.

Many problems can arise when using the interrogative and relative adverbs "where". Instead of where often another interrogative and relative adverb is used - "where". So, the phrase "Where did you get lost?" "Where are you gone?", "Where did you go?" Change to "Where did you get lost?", "Where did you go?" And "Where did you leave?".

With the adverb "terribly" the same things are happening: its use does not bring in our speech any additional expressiveness, as it may seem at first glance, but, on the contrary, spoils it. Especially it stands out when using adverbs "creepy" with words that mean something positive: terribly beautiful, terribly beautiful, terribly pleasant, etc. In such phrases there is a shade of jargon and mannerisms. Usually, writers resort to this method to add a negative or ironic character to their work and characters.

Nothing useful will give you an adverb "hard" if they constantly replace other important words. For example: "I hit hard" (instead of "hit hard"), "I had a good dinner" (instead of having "dined well"), "I know a lot about this topic" (instead of "I'm good at this topic"), etc.

If you want to use these adverbs in speech, then it is worth considering their characteristics. So, the dialect is "strong" only in the descriptions of the thoughts and feelings of a person: they are thinking hard, you are bored, you doubt strongly, and so on.

It is worth mentioning also about tautological phrases, in which the adverb stands next to the personal pronoun of the first person: "I personally think this inappropriate"; "I personally do not care"; "We are going to go on vacation personally"; "I personally think that you are lying now," and others.

It is known that such an adverb in Russian, as "tacitly", formed from the adjective "silent", can replace the gospel in silence. The person, in whose speech such substitution is present, is likely to seem illiterate, and his phrases are meaningless.

Examples: "She silently walked to the table and took the book"; "Hunter silently followed the prey"; "The police tacitly conducted an inspection," and others.

Thus, it becomes clear that such a disparaging use of adverbs can only spoil our speech. The Russian language is complicated, but it's beautiful, so arm yourself with the knowledge and speak, and write with confidence!