Organic or mineral compound. Classification of organic compounds

A substance consisting of two or more components is a complex organic or mineral compound. Depending on the identity, its characteristics, composition and other indicators are determined. Chemical compounds are present in the environment in large quantities. Some of them have a beneficial effect, and some - a disastrous effect on living organisms. Mineral compounds are present in inanimate nature. They include, in particular, sulfur, graphite, sand and others. There are several signs on which an organic or mineral compound is determined.

Historical reference

The concept of "organic compound" appeared at the early stages of the development of chemical science. This class includes substances in which carbon is present (except for carbonic acid, cyanides, carbides, carbonates, carbon monoxide). At a time when the vitalistic views prevailed, continuing the traditions of Pliny the Elder and Aristotle about the division of the whole world into an inanimate and living one, the substances were separated depending on which kingdom they belonged to: the animal and vegetable or mineral. In addition, it was believed that the synthesis of the first requires a special "life force". In this regard, it was impossible to get organic from an inorganic substance . However, this assumption was refuted in 1828 by Veler. He synthesized organic urea from inorganic ammonium cyanate. This division, however, has been preserved in terminology and to the present. By what criteria is the organic or mineral compound determined? About this later in the article.

General information

The most extensive class today are organic compounds. At present, there are more than ten million. This diversity is due to the special property of carbon to form atomic chains. This, in turn, is due to the stability of the connection. Carbon-carbon chain can be single or multiple - triple, double. As the multiplicity increases, the binding energy (stability) increases, and the length, on the contrary, decreases. Due to the high valence of carbon and the ability to form such chains, structures of different dimensions (volume, flat, linear) are formed. Mineral species are called compounds that occur in nature. These substances have a special composition and structure, physical characteristics. In general, the structure of inorganic substances is the same. The composition may vary within certain limits. The peculiarity of mineral compounds is the regular and correct arrangement of atoms. The foundations of the systematics of these substances were laid in 1814 by Berzelius.

Composition as one of the main distinctive features of substances

Belonging to this or that other kind is determined by the components of the composition. A substance is an organic or mineral compound having a specific structure and composition. The main groups of substances of biological origin include proteins, carbohydrates, lipids. Nucleic acids belonging to this class, in addition to carbon, contain predominantly nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and oxygen. These elements are part of the "classic" organic compounds as basic, as a rule. Thus substances can contain the most various components. Thus, the main feature, according to which it is determined what substance is represented - organic or mineral compound - is the presence in the composition of carbon and the basic elements indicated above.

The concept of a mineral compound can be studied by considering a variety of natural substances - garnets. They have different physical characteristics. They depend on the composition, despite the changes in which the structure remains the same. Here one can only say about differences in the position of certain atoms and a number of interplanar distances.

Classification of organic compounds

To date, the IUPAC nomenclature is applied. Classification of organic compounds in this system is based on an important principle. In accordance with this, the characteristics of the substance are firstly determined by two main criteria. The first is the carbon skeleton (the structure of organic compounds), and the second is its functional groups. In accordance with the nature of the structure of the substance is divided into cyclic and acyclic. The latter, in turn, include unsaturated and limiting. The group of cyclic substances includes heterocyclic and carbocyclic. Some formulas of organic compounds:

- CH3CH2CH2COOH - butyric acid.

- CH3COCH3-acetone.

- CH3COOC2H5-ethyl acetate.

- CH3CH (OH) COOH - lactic acid.

Structural analysis

Today, organic chemical compounds are characterized using different methods. The most accurate is the x-ray diffraction analysis (crystallography). However, the use of this method requires a high-quality crystal of the required size, which allows obtaining a high resolution. In this regard, crystallography is not used so often. Elemental analysis is a destructive method that is used to quantify the content of components in a molecule. To prove the absence or presence of specific functional groups, infrared spectroscopy is used. Mass spectrometry is the determination of the molecular weight of a substance and the methods of fragmentation.

Chemical properties of organic compounds. Carboxylic acids

Human life is closely related to these substances. Many people know such names as acetic, formic, citric acid. These compounds are used in the manufacture of medicines (acetylsalicylic acid), in the food industry, as well as for the production of soap and synthetic detergents. Some compounds are produced by insects (ants, for example) and serve as protectors. The biochemical processes taking place at the cellular level are associated with pyruvic acid, and in the oxidation of many substances that penetrate the human body, acetic or lactic acid is formed. When considering the structure of the carboxyl group, one should note the presence of a double C = O bond in it. In this connection, it should be attributed to unsaturated functional groups. In addition, in the structure of substances there is a bond between the O-H-mobile hydrogen atom. The general properties of these compounds are observed in stearic, acetic, acrylic acid, and formic acid combines not only the basic characteristics of acids, but also aldehydes. Depending on the radical with which the carboxyl group binds, there are distinguished aromatic, unsaturated, limiting and other substances. In accordance with the number of groups in the molecule, dibasic, monobasic and others are isolated. When considering certain characteristics of substances, some similarity of inorganic and organic acids can be noted. For example, both substances are able to interact with metals, bases.

Aromatic hydrocarbons

These organic compounds, in the composition of which there is hydrogen, carbon and benzene nuclei. The most important and "classical" representatives of this group are benzene (I) and homologues (dimethylbenzene, methylbenzene). There are a lot of aromatic hydrocarbons with benzene nuclei. For example, they include diphenyl C6H5-C6H5, looking at the formula of which, it is easy to understand what kind of substance is an organic or mineral compound. Products of coking coal are used as the main source of the production of aromatic hydrocarbons. So, from a ton of coal tar, an average of one and a half kilograms of toluene, 3.5 kg of benzene, and two kilograms of naphthalene are obtained.

Main characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbons

By their chemical properties, aromatic carbons differ from alicyclic unsaturated complex substances. In this regard, a separate group is defined for them. Under the influence of nitric, sulfuric acids, halogens and other reagents, aromatic hydrocarbons replace hydrogen atoms. As a result, sulfonic acids, halobenzenes and others are formed. All these substances are intermediate products used in the manufacture of dyes, medicines.

Alkans

This group of complex substances, which includes the least active compounds. All the C-H and C-C bonds present in them are single bonds. This causes the inability of alkanes to participate in the addition reactions. In the chlorination of these complex substances, starting with propane, the first chlorine atom can replace different hydrogen atoms. The direction of this process will depend on the strength of the CH bond. The weaker the chain, the faster the substitution of a particular atom. Primary bonds usually have greater strength, secondary ones are more stable than tertiary bonds, and so on.

Participation in reactions

Different reactivity can lead to the fact that out of probably possible products, only one will prevail. At a temperature of 25 degrees, chlorination along the secondary chain occurs four and a half times faster than in the primary chain. Fluorination of alkanes proceeds at a high, often explosive rate. In this case, all kinds of polyfluoro derivatives of the starting substance are formed. The energy that is released during the reaction is so great that in some cases it provokes the decay into radicals of product molecules. As a result, the reaction rate increases in an avalanche manner, which leads to explosions even at sufficiently low temperatures. A feature of the fluorination of alkanes is the possibility of destruction by fluorine atoms of the carbon skeleton and the formation of CF4 - the final product.