New Scientific Discovery! Universe!

Cognition

The origin of the universe and the surrounding world.

1. The Initial Universe

The first model of the universe was built by A.Einstein in 1917. The creator of the general theory of relativity believed that the universe should be stationary, it should not directionally evolve. Therefore, the mathematical model of Einstein described the static universe and, as shown by astronomical observations, proved to be erroneous.

The stationarity of the Universe was theoretically predicted by A.A. Friedman. Friedman's works showed that over time, the universe must evolve, which means that in the past, there must have been a substance in the universe with very high density and pressure. Therefore, there should have been some reason that could cause the superdense matter to begin to expand. This was the theoretical assumption of an exploding universe.

In 1929 The American astronomer E. Hubble, as a result of astronomical observations, established the fact of the expansion of the universe, which confirmed the correctness of Friedman's conclusions.

At the end of 1940. Theoretical physicist George Gamow put forward the hypothesis of the hot universe, based on the theory of the "Big Bang", which has now received the greatest recognition.

The Big Bang theory describes in some detail what changes took place in the universe after its inception, but can not explain how it all began, what was at the very beginning and what was before the beginning, ie. Before the "Big Bang". Also could not answer the questions that determine the origin of the universe.

Where did the substance for the "Big Bang" come from and what (as matter) was this substance?

If the universe expands, then where does it expand?

Why, if the universe expands (almost at the speed of light), the density of matter remains constant?

What is the reason for such homogeneity and isotropy of the Universe?

If the cause of the universe was the "Big Bang", what caused the "Big Bang"?

As you can see, the theory of the "Big Bang", as the theory of the origin of the universe, poses many unresolved problems.

Already now there is a doubt about the possibility of the origin of the universe as a result of the "Big Bang", referring to the fact that this is only a theoretical assumption. And if you consider that the theory of the Big Bang is not able to objectively answer the above questions, which determine the origin of the universe, then we can definitely say that the universe from the "Big Bang" could not have happened.

But if the "Big Bang" did not appear to be the cause of the Universe formation, but the Universe really exists, then what caused the origin of the Universe?

The answer to this question is given to us by astrophysical and physical science at the present stage of its development with fixed laws and regularities.

To the question what was in the Universe at the very beginning, i.e. To the "Big Bang", corresponds to the universal law of conservation of matter, which reads: "Matter can not arise from nothing and can not disappear without a trace, it can only go from one form or state to another form or state. Matter is uncreatable and indestructible, it is eternal and infinite. "

Hence, before the "Big Bang" in the universe there was matter. At once there are questions, what kind of matter and in what state could it exist?

The first question is answered by the physics of elementary particles.

In Nature, as studies have shown, there are only two absolutely stable, eternal and indestructible, having opposite charges and rest mass, the elementary particles named - electron and positron. The remaining particles or composite (like a proton, neutron, etc.), or not having (in the existing concept) rest mass (photon, neutrino, etc.), or short-lived (such as muons, mesons, etc.).

Thus, before the "Big Bang" in the universe, matter existed, consisting of elementary unlike charges - electrons and positrons, i.e. Just from that matter that does not arise from nothing and does not disappear without a trace, but passes from one form or state to another form or state, remaining eternal and indestructible. Such matter of the Universe is absolutely stable - electrons and positrons.

It remains to answer the question: "In what state could the charges exist?"

As we know, electric charges (through lines of force) interact with each other while in constant motion. So, it was necessary for Nature to provide such a condition in which there would be absolutely no movement and interaction of electric charges - electrons and positrons. Nature has provided, and thermodynamics has confirmed such a condition, creating a temperature of absolute zero, i.е. Such a temperature, which determined the conditions for the existence of matter (charges) of the universe.

As you can see, matter, consisting of elementary unlike charges, was in the universe in a state of absolute rest, i.e. Without movement and interaction.
Let's sum up and answer the question: "What was in the Universe at the very beginning, i.e. Before the "Big Bang"?

So, at the very beginning, there existed and exists in the universe matter, consisting of unlike electric charges - electrons and positrons, located (at absolute zero temperature) without motion and interaction. The universe, where matter is "packed" so that there is no free space between the charge lines, there is absolutely no movement and interaction, and therefore there is no time to change events, then such a universe is a resting universe or an initial universe. In such a universe, matter consisting of dissimilar charges exists, so to speak, outside of time and space.

Strong> II . The formation of particles and the beginning of the nucleation of the existing universe.

First step.

The initial universe can be at rest for an indefinitely long time, if there is no disturbance of its environment, for example: in the form of density fluctuations, microvibration of pressure or temperature, etc. Under perturbation, the "vital" charge lines will cause a chain reaction of the interaction of electrons and positrons , Which will lead to their unification (as unlike charges) and the formation of the first particle of the universe - a photon.

When the matter passes from a state of rest to a state of motion, the World Conservation Law is strictly observed; How much matter was in one state (the state of the Universe of rest) so much matter and passed into another state (state of motion).

Now you can answer those questions that determine the origin of the universe: "What was the beginning of the birth of the existing universe and where the universe is expanding".

The moment of the beginning of the unification (merging) of the opposite charges of the Universe of Peace into the first particle - the photon and was the beginning of the birth of the existing expanding universe.

To the question: "Where is the existing universe expanding?". The answer is only one: "The existing universe expands due to the transition of matter from a state of rest to a state of its motion, i.e. Expands at the expense of the Universe of Peace or, if I may say so, into the Universe of Peace. "

This origin of the universe is real and natural.

Looking ahead, answer the question: "What was the reason for the origin of the relic (electromagnetic) radiation?"

Relic radiation is most likely connected with the transition of matter (charges) from one equilibrium state (the equilibrium state of the resting universe) to another equilibrium state (the equilibrium state of the expanding universe), accompanied by an increase (from absolute zero) temperature.

The equilibrium state (at the birth of the expanding universe) occurs, probably, at a temperature of ~ 3K from absolute zero and is accompanied by an acting pulse on the resulting electromagnetic photon medium, i.e. To matter, which has passed from one state to another state. This impulse in the form of an electromagnetic wave (which has a certain length and frequency, depending on the temperature) we observe as a relic equilibrium radiation.

It is noted that the relic radiation is surprisingly homogeneous and isotropic - it comes to us evenly in all directions.
Why?

This question is answered by the very process of the birth of the expanding universe.

Since the transition of matter from the equilibrium state of the Universe of Rest to the equilibrium state of the expanding Universe occurs along the boundary of the sphere of the "ballooning" sphere under the same conditions, it will accordingly be homogeneous and isotropic radiation itself, which continuously and uniformly fills the expanding Universe. As we see, the relic radiation is the equilibrium radiation associated with the birth of our Universe.

And now we consider the question of why any gas substance (under identical conditions) in equal volumes contains the same number of structural elements, whether it is a "small" electron, an atom, or a "large" molecule. To do this, we determine which proper volume falls on one structural element under normal conditions, dividing 1m3 by the number of particles contained in it: V = 1m3 / 2,686754 · 1025 = 37.22 · 10-27m3. Knowing the intrinsic volume per one structural element, we determine the radius of the sphere of action of the lines of force: R = 2,072 · 10-9 m.

Consequently, one structural element, be it a "small" electron or a "large" molecule, has one and the same own volume, or, so to speak, "private property" of space equal to 37.22 · 10-27 m3 with a sphere radius R = 2 · 10-9 m.

How can this be understood?

All structural elements consist of a nucleus and force lines of interaction surrounding the nucleus. The radius of the sphere of the lines of force is significantly (by several orders of magnitude) larger than the size of the nucleus, i.e. The nucleus can be considered as a point in the center of the sphere. In such a structural element, the size is determined by the radius of the sphere of the lines of force, which is practically the same for all gas particles and is equal to ~ 2 · 10-9 m. That is why, in the cubic meter of space contains the same number of structural elements, whether it is a "small" electron or a "large" molecule.

Now we know that all gas substances under normal conditions have a volume equal to 37.22 · 10-27 m3 and a sphere radius of ~ 2 · 10-9 m; And since atoms are minimal particles of matter having the same density as the substance itself, knowing the density of matter (the value of which can be found in any textbook on physics) and calculating the mass of the atom, one can use the density formula ρ = m / v , Calculate the volume and radius of any atom.

Thus, for hydrogen H2, the density is equal to 0.0899 kg / m3, the mass of two hydrogen atoms is m = 2mp + 2me = 3,347 · 10-27kg, then V = m / ρ = 37.23 · 10-27m3 and R = 2.071 · 10 -9m. For oxygen: density O2 = 1.428 kg / m3, m = 53.5744 · 10-27kg, then V = 37.55 · 10-27m3 and R = 2.07 · 10-9 m.

As you can see, all gas substances under normal conditions occupy almost the same volume and have, practically, the same radius. Hence the conclusion: in order for the atom of a chemical element to be in the gaseous state (under normal conditions), it must have a volume equal to ~ 37 · 10-27 m3 and a sphere radius of ~ 2 · 10-9 m. Such a volume and radius have all the inert gases, which everyone can verify by performing the appropriate calculations.

It is logical to assume that for liquid substances the volume of the atom should be much smaller. Than for gas, i.e. The matter of the lines of force of the interaction of the atom must have a smaller volume, and, consequently, a greater density.

Let us determine the volume and radius of atoms (molecules) of liquid substances: bromine, mercury and water.

Bromine Br2: ρ = 3100 kg / m3, m = 133.94 · 10-27 kg, then V = m / ρ = 0.0432 · 10-27 m3 and R = 0.2177 · 10-9 m.

Mercury Hg: ρ = 13500 kg / m3, m = 336.544 · 10-27 kg, then V = 0.0249 · 10-27m3 and R = 0.1812 · 10-9m.

For water H20: ρ = 1000kg / m3, m = 30.1343 · 10-27 kg, then V = 0.03013 · 10-27 m3 and R = 0.1931 · 10-9 m.

As we can see, in a liquid substance, the volume and radius are much smaller than for a gaseous substance. In the liquid matter, the matter of the lines of force in the atom (molecule) is "compressed" to its liquid "concentration", i.e. To a higher density.

Now let's see what will happen with the structural elements of the gaseous substance under conditions different from normal ones, i.e. From Рн = 101325 Pa and Тн = 273.16 K.

In accordance with the gas laws of thermodynamics, we can use the equation Vh = V · Tn · P / Pn · T to see how the volume of a structural element varies, depending on temperature and pressure.

Calculations show that as the temperature rises, the volume of the structural element increases, and decreases with decreasing temperature. With increasing pressure, the volume of the structural element decreases, and when it decreases, it increases, as, for example, a stratosphere rising into the stratosphere.

Proceeding from the foregoing, in accordance with the gas laws of thermodynamics, there must exist a law of nature: "Matter in the universe can not exist without space, as space can not exist without matter. Matter and space are one. "

Now let's see how the formation of the initial particles took place. As it was said above, the formation of the first particles-photons occurred as a result of the chain reaction of the unification (synthesis) of the opposite charges of the initial universe-electrons and positrons. The space of the expanding universe was filled with photons, the temperature of the medium, as a result of the synthesis of charges, increased to ~ 1010K

Brief description of the photon.

Knowing that one mole of any gas, including the photon gas (medium), occupies the same volume, equal to 0.02241383m3 / mole and contains 6.02221367 · 1023 structural elements, we will determine the volume occupied by one photon.

Vγ = 0.02241383 / 6.02221367 · 1023 = 37.22 · 10-27m3 with a sphere radius R = 2 · 10-9 m.

The photon mass is equal to the mass of two single electrons mγ = 2 · mе- = 6,073 · 10-31кг. The photon has lines of electromagnetic interaction.

Knowing the volume occupied by the photon and its mass, we determine the density of the photon medium that fills the space of the expanding universe.
Ργ = m / v = 6,073 · 10-31 / 37.22 · 10-27 = 1.63 · 10-5 kg / m3.
This is eighty thousand times lighter than the air environment of the Earth.
The density of the photon medium can also be calculated from the hydrogen density, knowing that the proton is 1836 times heavier than the electron triplet or 5508 times heavier than a single electron e, then

Ργ = ρH2 / 5508 = 0.0899 / 5508 = 1.63 · 10-5 = kg / m3.

The formation of the photon is shown in Scheme 1. (All schemes are conditional).

Scheme 1

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During the formation of photons, with increasing temperature, there was also a combination of two pairs of electrons and positrons with the formation of neutrinos.

A neutrino is a particle with completely closed interaction lines of force, having a neutral charge and a mass equal to the mass of four single electrons.
The formation of the neutrino is shown in Scheme 2.

Scheme 2

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With a further increase in temperature to ~ 1011 K, conditions are created for the formation, from matter of unlike charges, of heavier particles, which are electronic and positron triplets.

An electronic triplet is a particle formed by the merger of an electron with two positrons, having lines of (negative) electric (+ 1-1-1) = - 1 and magnetic interaction, with a mass equal to the mass of three single electrons (m = 9 , 1093897 · 10-31kg). We denote the electron triplet by the symbol e-Δ. The formation of the electronic triplet is shown in Scheme 3.

Scheme 3

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A positron triplet is a particle formed by combining (merging) a positron with two electrons, having lines of (positive) electric (+ 1 + 1-1) = + 1 and magnetic interaction, with a mass equal to the mass of the electron triplet.

We denote the positron triplet by the symbol e + Δ.

The formation of the positron triplet is shown in Scheme 4.

Scheme 4  

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Electronic and positron triplets were formed (due to the transience of the process) is significantly less than photons, about 105 particles per cubic meter of space.

Electronic and positron triplets have completed the first stage of formation of initial particles from different charges of the Universe of Rest.

Second phase.

Electronic and positron triplets, as particles having opposite charges, by forces of "weak" electric interaction, formed neutral triplet links, shown in scheme 5.
Denote the neutral triplet link by the sign of e ° Δ

Scheme 5
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The formation of electron-positron triplet links (as a result of the synthesis reaction) proceeds at a temperature of ~ 1012 K, which created the conditions for the formation of a triplet-neutrino chain, shown in Scheme 6, by the forces of a "strong" magnetic interaction (with the participation of a neutrino, as a binding particle).

Scheme 6

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In the fact that the neutrino is a binding excluding the repulsive force, a particle can be (to some extent) traced in this example: if a neutral (like neutrino) neutral magnet plate is placed between the same poles of the magnet, then unlike poles Magnet will be attracted.

Since the combination of triplet charges in links proceeds in an electromagnetic photonic medium with the formation of a triplet-neutrino chain, which, moving in the magnetic field of the medium, will "spiral" (layer by layer) into a spherically spherical particle like spiral and spherical galaxies .

The question immediately arises: "To what size and mass will the particles" grow "?"

Since the "growth" of particles, as we see, proceeds with increasing temperature, and, consequently, with an increase in the speed of motion, for each particle there is also a certain temperature threshold for its creation and formation.

Hence, the particles formed from the triplet charges finish their growth and increase in mass when they reach a finite velocity equal to the speed of light and, consequently, the maximum temperature threshold equal to ~ 1013 K.

Such a finite particle is NEUTRON.

The formation of a neutron (proton) can, to some extent, be compared with the formation of DNA (RNA) molecules from the atoms of chemical elements. The neutron, as we see, is formed from the initial particles of matter - electron and positron triplets plus neutrinos, combined into a "molecule" neutron.

Proceeding from the foregoing, it can be assumed that there are no other initial particles formed in the universe-the mass, the energy of force action and the temperature of which would be greater than when a neutron was created. All that is more is a union of particles, or "fragments" of their destruction, or particles of substance, consisting of atoms of chemical elements.

The fact that the neutron is a particle consisting of electron-positron triplet charges and neutrinos is confirmed by the reactions of neutron decay into the proton. Let us trace how the neutron decay process takes place.

To begin with, we recall that the final link of the neutrino triplet-neutrino chain is the neutral particles e ° Δ (see Scheme 5) and the neutrino, as shown in Schemes 6 and 7.

Scheme 7

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Scheme 7 shows the final turn of the neutrino triplet-neutrino chain (before its decay). 1- triplet-neutrino layers; 2- neutral triplet links - e ° Δ; 3-Binding neutrino - υ;

A, b - conditional lines of the "weak" electrical connection of electron and positron triplets into neutral links in the chain.

When colliding with particles of the environment, the neutron decays into a proton, an electron triplet, and a neutrino
N → P + e-Δ + υ, which is schematically shown in Scheme 8.

Scheme 8

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Scheme 8 shows the decay of a neutron.

1 - formed proton P, 2 - electronic triplet e, decaying neutral link; 3 - the neutrino binder υ; A is the conditional line of the "weak" electrical connection of the electron and positron triplet in the link.

As you can see, the remaining part of the link is a positron triplet and determines the positive charge of the proton. Now let's see how the proton decays.

Under the action of high-energy particles on a proton, the proton decays into a neutron n1, a positron triplet e + Δ, and a neutrino υ.

P → n1 + e + Δ + υ, which is schematically shown in Scheme 9.

Scheme 9

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Scheme 9 shows the decay of a proton.
1 - positron triplet e + Δ; 2 - neutrino υ; 3 - triplet-neutrino layers; 4 - neutron, denoted by the sign n1¸ tk. This neutron is easier than usual for the triplet and neutrino masses, and for neutrinos, just the triplet mass.

In atoms, a proton can be transformed into a neutron with the addition of an electron triplet and a neutrino.

Now we can definitely say that when the existing universe was created, three stable initial particles were created: a photon, a neutrino, and a neutron. Here it should be noted that as early as 1940, Physicist G. Gamov, working on the cosmological theory of the "Big Bang", suggested that the universe at the very beginning should consist of only neutrons, which, as a result of the decay, should have turned into protons, electrons and antineutrinos.

Knowing the mass of matter, the volume of space in the universe and the mass of a neutron, it is possible to determine the number of neutrons that is formed, which is ~ 102 structural elements per cubic meter, which is 1020 times less than photons were formed. The mass of the neutrons formed is (in the main) the mass of the matter of the Universe equal to ~ 1052..1053 kg (galaxies, stars of the planet, etc.).

Such an amount of neutrons also explains that at a maximum neutron creation temperature of ~ 1013 K, the temperature of the medium of the universe remained almost the same as when a photon was ~ 1010 K.

Now we know that in the beginning there was a formation of a neutron.

The nucleation of a neutron began with the unification of electron and positron triplets, by the forces of a "weak" electric interaction, into neutral triplet links (see Scheme 6). (Here the "weak" electric interaction is compared with the "strong" magnetic interaction). Then, triplet links, by forces of "strong" magnetic interaction (with the participation of the neutrino binding), united in a triplet-neutrino chain from which (in the electromagnetic medium of the universe) a neutron was formed (see Scheme 7).

The neutrons formed (being in the photon medium of the Universe at a temperature of ~ 1010 K) were subjected to the action of sufficiently energetic photon particles. The energy of the power action of photon particles (at a given temperature) was sufficient to break up the electron-positron link of the neutron, connected by the forces of a "weak" electric interaction, to the constituent parts with the formation of a proton and scattering "fragments" - the electron triplet and neutrino, as shown In Scheme 8.

As the ambient temperature falls, the energy of the photon's power action is no longer sufficient to break up the neutron into its constituent parts and the process of converting a neutron into a proton is completed.

The fact that the neutron is formed from the links of the triplet-neutrino chain is also confirmed by the equality of the neutron mass with the mass of the decaying Parts, i. The mass of the neutron is equal to the sum of the masses of the decaying particles-the proton, the electron triplet, and the neutrino.

M (n) = m (p) + m (e-Δ) + m (υ), where
M (e-Δ) is the mass of the electron triplet (see scheme 3), equal to the mass of three single electrons;
M (υ) is the neutrino mass (see scheme 2) equal to the mass of four single electrons, then mn = 1.6727 · 10-27 + 0.00213 · 10-27, which is practically equal to the neutron mass (within the accuracy range Metering).

Let's see what happens next, when the neutron decays?

Neutrinos, as a neutral particle, are emitted into space. The electronic triplet, as an electrically charged particle, under the influence of the electromagnetic forces of a proton, will change the trajectory of its motion to a circular one and will rotate around the proton, thus forming a hydrogen atom. The hydrogen content (conversion of a neutron into a proton), according to the scientists' assumption, was ~ 93% in the early Universe.

With the formation of a neutron and a proton, the second stage of the creation of the initial particles of the universe was completed and the next stage began - the stage of formation of galaxies and matter of chemical elements.
Let's summarize the results.

As we can see, in the initial universe there was a matter of unlike charges - electrons and positrons.

This matter does not arise from nothing and does not disappear without a trace, it only passes from one state (state of rest) to another state (state of motion).

The transition of matter to the state of motion was accompanied by the formation of the first particle, the photon. The formation of a photon was the beginning of the emergence of an expanding universe.

The space of the expanding Universe was uniformly (uniformly and isotropically) filled and filled with electromagnetic matter (photon medium).

Now we know that the expansion of the universe is due to the transition of matter from the state of rest to the state of its motion, i.e. The universe expands due to the Universe of Peace or, if I may say so, the Universe of Peace.

In the electromagnetic environment, the final particle of the universe, the neutron, was also formed. During the decay of the neutron, a proton was formed and, accordingly, the first atom of the substance, hydrogen.

Hydrogen, consisting of a positively charged particle - a proton and a negatively charged particle - an electron, moving in the electromagnetic environment of the universe (under the influence of its magnetic forces) formed spiral (circular) "bunches" of matter from which galaxies, stars, planets And, accordingly, the whole surrounding world.

This origin of the universe and the surrounding world is natural and natural.