NEP is the new economic policy of the country. The reasons for the introduction and the essence of NEP

The period from 1917 to 1921 is a really difficult time for Russia. The revolution and civil war hit hard on economic prosperity. After the end of the disturbing events, the country needed to be reformed, since military innovations were helpless in peacetime conditions.

Historical background of the proclamation

NEP, or a new economic policy, was a necessity of time. The crisis "military communism" adopted during the civil war was unacceptable for the development of the country during the peace period. The surplus appropriation was an unbearable burden for ordinary people, and the nationalization of enterprises and the complete centralization of management did not allow the development. Introduction NEP is the answer to general discontent with "military communism".

The situation in the country before the introduction of NEP

By the end of the civil war, the country was destroyed in every way. The former Russian empire lost Poland, Latvia, Estonia, part of Ukraine and Belarus, Finland. Suffered territory mining mineral resources - Donbass, oil regions, Siberia. Industrial production has declined, and in agriculture there have been signs of a serious crisis. In addition, the peasants indignant with the surplus-appropriation refused to take their bread, the situation was heated. The uprisings embraced the Don, the Ukraine, the Kuban, and Siberia. The wave of discontent was transferred to the army. In 1920, the question was raised about the abolition of the surplus-appropriation. These were the first attempts to introduce NEP. Reasons: the crisis state of the economy, the destroyed industrial and agricultural sector, the burdens of the surplus-stock, which fell on the shoulders of ordinary people, foreign policy failures, currency instability.

Proclamation of a new way in the economy

Transformation was started in 1921, when the Tenth Congress of the RCP (B.) Adopted a resolution on the transition to a tax in kind. Initially NEP was planned as a temporary event. Reforms dragged on for several years. The essence of the NEP is the implementation of changes in industry, agriculture, and the financial sphere, which will help to relieve social tension. The tasks set by the authors of the draft economic reforms concerned political, economic, social and foreign policy spheres.

It is believed that freedom of trade was the first innovation, but it is not so. Initially, it was considered dangerous for the authorities. The Bolsheviks did not immediately come to the idea of entrepreneurship. The NEP period is a time of innovation that was an attempt to unite socialist power with elements of a market economy.

Industry Reforms

The first innovation was the creation of trusts. They were associations of homogeneous enterprises that had a certain freedom of activity, financial independence. Introduction NEP - the beginning of a complete reform of industry. New associations - trusts - could decide for themselves what to produce, from what and to whom it should be sold. The scope of activity was broad: both the purchase of resources, and production by state order. Trusts created reserve capital, which was supposed to cover losses.

NEP is a policy that provided for the formation of syndicates. These associations consisted of several trusts. Syndicates were engaged in foreign trade, loans, sales of finished products, raw materials. Until the end of the NEP period, most trusts were in such associations.

For the organization of wholesale trade fairs, commodity exchanges operated . A full-fledged market began to function, where raw materials and finished products were purchased. The original NEP was the original progenitor of market relations in the USSR, the causes of which were hidden in the disorganization of the economy.

One of the main achievements of the period was the return of the monetary payment of labor. NEP is the time of cancellation of labor service, the level of unemployment has decreased. During the period of the new economic policy, the private sector in industry developed actively. The process of denationalization of some enterprises is typical. Individuals have the right to open industrial factories and plants.

The concession became popular - the form of rent, when foreign physical or legal persons act as tenants. Part of the foreign investment was particularly high in metallurgy and the textile industry.

Innovations in agriculture

NEP is a policy that has affected all sectors of the economy, including the agrarian sector. The overall assessment of the consequences of innovations is positive. In 1922, the Land Code was approved. The new law banned private ownership of land, only use on lease was allowed.

The policy of the NEP in agriculture affected the social and property structure of the villagers. It was not profitable for the affluent peasants to develop their farm, and they also paid a higher tax. The poor had an opportunity to improve their financial situation. Thus, the poor and the rich became less - there were "middle peasants".

Many peasants have increased their land plots, motivation for work has increased. In addition, it was on the residents of the village that the burden of taxes lay. And state spending was huge - on the army, on industry, on economic recovery after the civil war. Taxes from wealthy peasants did not help raise the level of development, so we had to use new ways of filling the treasury. So, there was a practice of buying grain from farmers at low prices - this led to a crisis and the birth of the concept of "price scissors". Culmination of economic depression - 1923. In 1924-25 the crisis was repeated again - its essence was in a significant drop in the indicators of the amount of harvested grain.

NEP is a time of change in the sphere of agriculture. Not all of them led to positive results, but the features of a market economy appeared. By the end of the NEP period, the crisis phenomena were only growing.

Financial sphere

For the implementation of reforms, changes in the sphere of monetary circulation were needed. The main task of the NEP is to stabilize the financial sphere and normalize foreign exchange relations with other countries.

The first step of the reformers was the denomination of the monetary unit. The currency was backed up with a gold reserve. The resulting emission was used to cover the budget deficit. The financial changes in the state were suffered mainly by the peasants and the proletariat. Wide was the practice of government loans, increasing the tax on luxury and lowering to basic necessities.

At the beginning of the NEP, reforms in the financial sphere were successful. This allowed us to carry out the second stage of the reforms in 1924. It was decided to introduce a hard currency. Treasury tickets were in circulation, and chervontsy used for international payments. Popular became a loan, through which most of the transactions for purchase and sale took place. Several large banking structures were opened on the territory of the USSR, which worked with industrial enterprises. At the local level, financial support was provided by municipal banks. Gradually, the financial system expanded. There were banks that worked with agricultural institutions, foreign economic structures.

Political development of the country of the NEP

Economic reforms were accompanied by political struggle within the state. Authoritarian tendencies were growing in the country. The period of Vladimir Lenin's reign can be called a "collective dictatorship". The power was concentrated in the hands of Lenin and Trotsky, but from the end of 1922 the situation changed. Trotsky's opponents created the cult of Lenin's personality , and Leninism became the direction of philosophical thought.

The struggle in the communist party itself intensified. There was no uniformity within the organization. The opposition was formed, which advocated the empowerment of trade unions of workers. With this is the emergence of a resolution that proclaimed the unity of the party and the binding fulfillment of the decisions of the majority by all its members. Almost everywhere party positions were occupied by the same persons as employees of state structures. Belonging to the ruling circles became a prestigious goal. The party was constantly expanding, so over time, they began to carry out "purges" aimed at "lying" communists.

The crisis period was after Lenin's death. The conflict between old and young party members intensified. The organization gradually broke up - more and more privileges were received by the top, which received the name "nomenclature".

So, even in the last years of Lenin's life, his "heirs" began to share power. From the management tried to oust the leaders of the old sample. First of all, Trotsky. He was fought with different methods, but more often they were simply accused of various "sins". Among them - deviationism, Menshevism.

The completion of reforms

The positive features of the NEP, which manifested itself at the initial stage of the transformation, were gradually erased due to the unsuccessful and uncoordinated actions of the party leadership. The main problem is the conflict between an authoritarian communist system and attempts to introduce a market model of the economy. These were two poles that did not feed, but destroyed each other.

The new economic policy - NEP - has gradually faded since 1924-1925. Market features were replaced by a centralized management system. In the end, planning and government leadership prevailed.

In fact, the NEP ended in 1928, when the first five-year plan and the course for collectivization were proclaimed. Since then, the new economic policy has ceased to exist. Officially, the NEP was canceled only after 3 years - in 1931. Then a ban on private trade was issued.

Results

NEP is a policy that helped restore the ruined economy. The problem was the lack of qualified specialists - this lack did not allow to build effective governance of the country.

In the industry it was possible to achieve high indicators, but at the same time there were problems in the agricultural sphere. She was paid insufficient attention and finances. The system was unreasonable, so there was a strong imbalance in the economy. A positive feature is the stabilization of the currency.