Knowledge is ... School knowledge. Field of knowledge. Check of knowledge

Knowledge is a very broad concept, having several definitions, different forms, levels and characteristics. What is the distinguishing feature of school knowledge? What areas do they cover? And why do we need to check our knowledge? Let's start with the basic concept.

Knowledge

Here are four main definitions:

1. Knowledge - a kind in which there are results of human activities aimed at knowledge.
2. In a broad, general sense, knowledge is a personal, subjective representation of the individual about the surrounding reality, concluded in the form of concepts and definitions.
3. In a specific, narrow sense, knowledge is verified information that helps to solve the task.
4. Knowledge of an object is a system of information about it, which helps to use this subject to achieve the necessary results.

Knowledge does not necessarily refer to science, something complex for learning and perception. The way you feel comfortable holding a spoon, you know.

Forms of knowledge

There are three main forms of knowledge: conceptual, symbolic and artistic-exemplary.

The first in the history of knowledge is considered the game knowledge of man. It has a learning and developing character, it gives an opportunity to reveal the personal qualities of a person.

There are also several kinds of knowledge:

• Scientific knowledge;
• Unscientific knowledge;
• Common sense (everyday knowledge);
• Intuitive;
• Religious knowledge.

Scientific knowledge strives to comprehend the truth, describe, explain, understand various facts, processes and phenomena. Their main characteristics are universality, objectivity, general validity.

Unscientific knowledge exists in any society, obeys its principles, laws, carries stereotypes of this group of people. Otherwise they are called esotericism.

Ordinary knowledge - the basic for a person, they determine how a person behaves, what actions he does, help him to navigate in reality. This kind of knowledge was already in the early stages of the development of the human community.

Nature of knowledge

The nature of their knowledge can be procedural and declarative.

The first - active, they give an idea of the means for obtaining new knowledge, these are methods, algorithms, systems. For example, the method of brainstorming.

The second - so to speak, passive, is a system of ideas about something, facts, formulations, concepts. For example, the traffic light has three colors: red, yellow and green.

More knowledge is divided into scientific and non-scientific. Scientific knowledge - is empirical, knowledge, empirically obtained or theoretical - abstract theories, assumptions.

The extra-scientific field of knowledge includes such knowledge as:

• Parascientific (incompatible with the existing epistemological standard);
• Pseudoscientific (developing field of conjectures, myths, prejudices);
• Quasi-scientific (develop during periods of rigid ideology, totalitarianism, relying on violent methods);
• Antiscientific (obviously distorting existing knowledge, striving for utopia, develop during periods of social instability);
• Pseudoscientific (based on all known theories and legends);
• Ordinary everyday (the basic knowledge of the individual about the surrounding reality, replenish constantly);
• Personal (depend on the abilities of the individual).

School knowledge

In the process of learning the child learns the knowledge, learns to apply them in practice (skills) and automates this process (skills).

The knowledge base received by the student is a system, a body of knowledge, skills and knowledge acquired through training.

Within the framework of school education, knowledge is a system of regularities of any part of the real world (subject domain), which allows the student to solve the specific tasks assigned to him. That is, knowledge includes in you such terms and concepts as:

• fact;
• Concept;
• judgment;
• form;
• Interrelation;
• Evaluation;
• Rule;
• algorithm;
• heuristic.

Knowledge is structured - this means that there are connections between them that characterize the degree of comprehension of the basic laws and principles for a given subject area.

They are interpretable, that is, they can be explained, proved, justified.

Knowledge is related to each other in different blocks by topic, by function, and so on.

They are also active - they produce new knowledge.

The individual can retain knowledge (remember), reproduce, verify, update, transform, interpret.

Knowledge is needed so that a person can solve a specific problem, cope with the problem that has arisen, that is, he must know what to do in order to receive an answer, a result.

Skills

Subject application of knowledge in practice - skills. Otherwise, it is the mastery of the way of carrying out actions, which is provided, backed up by some kind of knowledge. Their person (the student) applies, transforms, generalizes, revises as necessary.

Skills

This is a student's aptitude, brought to automatism. When the actions chosen consciously for the solution of this kind of task are repeated again and again, and the result of them turns out to be true, successful, then a kind of reflex is developed.

The student, analyzing the task posed, chooses a method for solving it in the shortest possible time.

Check of knowledge

The teacher needs to know how well the children have learned the material, the topic, in order to continue learning further.

This requires regular testing of knowledge. Its main task is to increase the student's knowledge level, not to humiliate him, to catch on ignorance of the material, lack of skills. The check should help the teacher to find out how well the children learn the school knowledge.

In the history of Russian education, there were many unsuccessful experiments in establishing a process of testing the understanding of topics, they were based on humiliation, intimidation, and were subjective.

Now we have a five-point assessment system.

The general concept of this section is control: the identification, measurement, evaluation of knowledge; Their verification is only part of the control.

Also in "control" there are concepts of "evaluation" - a means of influence, personality stimulation and "evaluation" - the process of identifying the level.

Controlling should be objective, systematic, visual and consist of:

• Preliminary check at the beginning of the year;
• Check after each passed topic (current);
• Repeated, strengthening the received volume of knowledge;
• Check on the sections of the course (periodic);
• The final;
• Complex.

The check should perform three main functions:

• Control (verification of knowledge before the next stage of training);
• Training (implemented when working in a group);
• Educating (stimulates self-control, activity, self-confidence).

Foreign languages

Knowledge of the languages of other countries, peoples, which man is not a carrier, has always been a plus. A person who knows a foreign language well is singled out among the rest. This helps build a successful career, travel, develop memory, etc.

A person can have different merits, academic degrees, but the knowledge of two (five, twelve) languages will always be a separate line in the list of his regalia and cause special respect.

In different epochs in Russia the knowledge of French, German, English and Chinese was widely welcomed (now).

The teaching of foreign languages has long been part of the general education system. The child can choose the language (s) that he wants to study at the very beginning of the course and deepen his knowledge optionally.

Also very actively develop private clubs and schools, which study a variety of (from popular to rare and forgotten) languages. Some classes are conducted by native speakers, and on the holidays, exit schools with "immersion" are created. At such events it is not customary to speak Russian, communicate exclusively through the language being studied.

Level of knowledge of the language

There is an international gradation that determines the levels of knowledge of a foreign language among students.

• The highest - fluency in written and spoken language - Proficient level.
• When a person speaks freely, reads and writes, allowing small errors, this is the Advanced level.
• Having a large vocabulary, the opportunity to argue, read fluently any texts and understand their contents with some inaccuracies, a person ascended to the Upper Intermediate level.
• When the basic stock of words is mastered, but there is already a good perception of speech by ear, reading and writing skills are quite high, - Intermediate.
• If a person can understand a speech that is specially pronounced for him (slowly and clearly), he devotes much time to the grammatical construction of phrases, his vocabulary also does not allow him to communicate freely - this is the Pre-Intermediate level.
• When the knowledge is basic, only the basic grammatical forms, the stock of words is meager, the skills of reading and writing are not worked out - in front of us is a man with an Elementary level of knowledge.
• When a student is just beginning to get acquainted with the language, he does not yet have clear ideas about grammatical forms and knows literally a few phrases - Beginner.

Often this classification is attributed exclusively to the English language.