Jargonism is ... Examples of jargon in Russian

Studying Russian and world literature, each student encounters speech that is not peculiar to literary language. The question arises as to what is the classical definition of these expressions, what is the history of their appearance and the role in the communication of our contemporaries.

What is jargonism?

This is a lexical unit (as a separate word, and a phrase), which is not inherent in the canons of the literary language. The use of these turns is common in informal communication. Jargonism is a conditional spoken word and expression used in individual social groups. Moreover, the emergence, development, transformation and withdrawal of those from the speech turnover occurs in a clearly isolated part of society.

Jargonism is the duplication of a literary language in a form that is understandable only to people speaking in a particular group. These are non-normative, not recognized synonyms to the classical definitions of objects, actions and definitions. The slang words of every social unit of society form an unreadable language of communication, the so-called slang.

Origin and differences

The word "jargon" occurs, according to V. Dal ("Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language"), from the French jargon. Its differences from the standards of the literary language:

• Specific vocabulary and phraseology.
• Brightly colored, expressive turns.
• Maximum use of derivational forms.
• Lack of own phonetic systems.
• Non-compliance with the rules of grammar.

Today, jargonism is not only oral communication, but also an effective means of artistic expressiveness. In modern literature, these words are consciously used along with metaphors, synonyms, epithets for amplification and giving a special color to the content.

Initially dialectism-jargon was the intellectual property of certain layers of society, in some cases no longer existing. These days, this is a nationwide vocabulary that has its own social dialects, and the vocabulary of the literary language, in which several portable meanings of the same word are used in a particular group of society. Now a conditionally named "common fund" has been formed and is expanding, that is, words transformed from the original meaning in one form of jargon into a generally accessible definition. So, for example, in the language of thieves, the meaning of the word "darken" is "hide the loot" or "leave the answers during interrogation". Modern youth jargon treats this as "not telling, expressing in riddles".

How is the jargon vocabulary formed?

Words and combinations are based on the available in the environment of their appearance of dialectal differences and morphemes of the language. Ways of their formation: giving a different meaning, metaphorization, rethinking, re-writing, sound truncation, active learning of the lexicon of foreign languages.

Examples of jargon in the Russian language, arising as above:

• The young man is a "dude" (comes from the Gypsy);
• Close friend - "golfrend" (from English);
• Authoritative - "cool";
• Apartment - "hut" (from Ukrainian).

Also, an associative series was actively used in their appearance. For example: "dollars" - "zelenka" (according to the color of American banknotes).

History and modernity

Social jargons - these are common words and expressions, first seen in the XVIII century in the nobility, the so-called "salon" language. Fans and admirers of all French often used distorted words of this language. For example: "pleasure" was called "plesir".

The original purpose of the lingo was to keep the information transmitted in secret, a kind of coding and recognition of "our" and "others". This function of the "secret language" is preserved in the gangster environment as a speech of antisocial elements and is called "thieves' argot". So, for example: a knife is a "feather", a prison is a "theater", to call - "to dial numbers".

Other types of jargon - school, student, sports, professional - almost lost this property. However, in the youth speech, he still has the function of identifying "aliens" in the community. Often for teenagers, jargon is a way of self-affirmation, an indication of their belonging to the number of "adults" and the condition for admission to a particular company.

The use of special slang has a restriction on the subject of conversation: the subject of the conversation, as a rule, expresses the specific interests of a narrow circle of persons. A distinctive feature of the dialect from the dialect - the bulk of its use is due to informal communication.

Types of jargon

There is no single, clear division of jargon at the moment. Only three areas can be classified precisely: professional, youth and criminal slang. However, it is possible to identify regularities and conditionally distinguish the vocabulary inherent in certain groups of socium from jargon. The following types of jargons are the most common and have an extensive vocabulary:

• Professional (by types of specialties).
• Military.
• Journalistic.
• Computer (including game, network jargon).
• The Jazz Fidonet.
• Youth (including directions - school, student slang).
• LGBT people.
• Amateur radio.
• Slang addicts.
• Slang football fans.
• Criminal (fenya).

Special variety

Professional jargon is a word, simplified by a reduction or association of vocabulary used to denote special terms and concepts in a specific environment of specialists. These sayings came about because most of the technical definitions are rather long and heavy in pronunciation, or their meanings are completely absent in the modern official language. The words-jargons are present in almost all professional associations. Their word formation is not subject to any special rules for slang. However, jargons have a pronounced function, being a convenient means for communication and communication.

Jargonism: examples used by programmers and Internet users

For the uninitiated, computer slang is rather peculiar and difficult to comprehend. Here are some examples:

• "Windows" - the operating system Windows;
• "Firewood" - the driver;
• "Jobat" - to work;
• "Zaglyuchil" - stopped working;
• "Servak" - server;
• "Keyboard" - the keyboard;
• "Programs" - computer programs;
• "Hacker" is a program cracker;
• "User" is the user.

Blatnoy sleng - argo

Criminal jargons are very common and peculiar. Examples:

• "Malyava" is a letter;
• "Trumpet" - a mobile phone;
• "Ksiva" - passport or identity card;
• "Cock" - a prisoner, "lowered" by cons;
• "Parasha" - the toilet;
• "Urka" is a prisoner who escaped;
• "Fraer" - a person who is at large;
• "Crosses" - prison;
• "Kum" - chief of the regime part in the colony;
• "Goat" - a prisoner who cooperates with the administration of the colony;
• "Zariki" - cubes for playing backgammon;
• "Zaochnitsa" - a girl, whose acquaintance took place in the colony;
• "Lean back" - free after confinement;
• "Filter the market" - think what you say;
• "Mistress" - the head of the correctional colony;
• "No bazaar" - there are no questions;
• "There is no air" - money has run out.

School slang

Jargonisms are peculiar and widespread in the school environment:

• "Teacher" is a teacher;
• "Historian" is a history teacher;
• "Klassukha" - a class teacher;
• "Control" - control work;
• "Homework" - homework;
• "Fizra" - physical education;
• "Botan" - an excellent student;
• "Spur" is a crib;
• "Pair" is a deuce.

Youth slang: examples

Slang words used among adolescents:

• "Gavrik" is a boring man;
• "Chixa" is a girl;
• "Dude" is a guy;
• "To remove a calf" - to seduce a girl;
• Clubbing club;
• Discach - disco;
• "Throw ponty" - to stick out their dignity;
• "Base" is an apartment;
• "Ancestors" are parents;
• "Spoiling" is to talk;
• "Umatovo" is excellent;
• "Otpad" is a wonderful one;
• "Clothes" - clothes;
• "Pret" - very much.

Features of foreign language

English lexicology has three synonymous terms: cant, slang, jargon. To date, there is no clear separation between them, but the areas of their use have been outlined. So, cant denotes the conditional vocabulary of individual social groups, such as thieves' argot or school slang.

The mark in the jargon dictionaries is present in the designation of specific technical terms, that is, corresponds to the Russian subspecies of professional jargon.

Also jargon, cant and slang denote common speech and vulgar words. They are characterized not only by a peculiar medium of use, but also by violations of the grammar and phonetics of all existing literary norms.

In English, jargons are cant and jargon, which include individual words, phrases, and turns of speech. They arise both under the influence of entire social groups, and thanks to individuals.

English jargons are often present in works of art style in the transfer of character characteristics. Usually the author gives an explanation of the used slang words.

Many words, which were originally exclusively means of colloquial speech, have now won the right to be used in classical literature.

In modern English, jargon plays a large role in the communication of representatives of different professions. Especially often you meet them in the student field, the field of sports, among the military.

It is worth emphasizing that the presence of jargon, their unreasonable use in everyday communication clogs the language.

Translation of jargons

Dialects and slang expressions are familiar concepts for many linguists and translators. Although there is a lot of general information about them and scientific works, however, to date, there is a special lack of information on how to correctly and adequately transfer the translation of these lexical units.

An important point in the selection of Russian-language counterparts: do not forget that jargons are inherent in specific social strata and have a certain subtext. Therefore, it is important to find a way of interpreting them in order to convey the sensations or concepts embedded in the original source.

In modern language, jargon has become widespread in all layers of society, the media, films and even in the literature. To prohibit their use is meaningless and inconclusive, but it is important and necessary to form the right attitude to your speech.