Homonymous parts of speech: definition, spelling, examples

"Who have what they have - they sometimes can not eat, but others can eat, and they sit without bread. And we have here what is, but there is, than there is, then we need to thank the sky! ". In the comic poem "The Toast of Toast" by the English poet Robert Burns, there is a real clash of the words "is", which in one case means "to be, to be", and in the other - to "eat". What kind of battle is this: between whom and what? Meet - homonymous parts of speech. Examples ahead.

Homonyms

Between words in any language, as between people in society, certain relationships are revealed, the nature of which depends on the values expressed by these lexical units and on their phonetic design. Hence, there are three main types: synonymous, antonymous, homonymous. With the latter we have to figure it out. So, what are homonyms in Russian?

The essence of such a phenomenon as homonymy is in identity, the coincidence of sound - the sound image of two or more words with a complete difference in meanings. Here further division into the following groups is observed:

• Lexical homonyms, otherwise - complete (light - light energy, light - earth, universe, world);
• Incomplete, which, in turn, are divided into species. Among the latter distinguish: homophones or phonetic homonyms - different in meaning and spelling, but similar in sound (score - score and ball - dance evening); Homographs - a different meaning, sound, but the same spelling (lock - building and lock - the device of fixation); Omoforms or morphological homonyms are different in meaning, sometimes also in terms of belonging to parts of speech, but similar in sounding only in separate morphological forms.

Here, on the question of what homonyms are in Russian, we will put a point, and we will dwell in more detail precisely on morphological homonyms.

Proper grammatical homonyms

This is a fairly large and diverse group of homonyms, which is also subdivided into species. Actually grammatical homonyms are lexical units identical both in sounding and in writing, but belonging to different parts of speech, and correspondingly, differing in lexical meaning, morphological, grammatical features, role in the sentence. For example, the word "what" can be: a question or relative pronoun ("What was he looking for in the back room?"); An adverb in the meaning of "why", "why", "why", "for whatever reason" ("Why do not you read such an interesting book?"); Union ("I told you that I'm going to Africa, but you did not believe"); Particle (as a rule, used at the beginning of the poem).

Other types

This group of homonyms - omoforms, is intensively replenished with verbal pairs that involve both lexical and grammatical analysis. This is the homonymous parts of speech. As they say, what is it and what does it eat? Here it is necessary to deal with each specific case.

Adverbs

Homonymous parts of speech need to be distinguished among themselves, and for this there are certain techniques. For example, there are a lot of adverbs that should be distinguished from homonymous names of nouns, adjectives, gerunds, pronouns. For what? For correct use in speech and not allow spelling mistakes, because these pairs are pronounced equally, but differ in semantics and spelling.

In sentences, an adverb differs from a noun by the presence or absence of a dependent word. The noun has it, the second does not. For example, the word "(on) a meeting": "He struggled to meet" - an adverb in the sense of "forward"; "My expectations for a meeting with an old friend did not come true" - for a (long-awaited) meeting with the dependent word "friend", a noun with a preposition. By the same principle, we distinguish between an adverb and an adjective. For example, "(on) -to-autumn": "The sun was already shining in the autumn" - an adverb, correct writing through a hyphen; "Leading clouds raced through the autumn sky" - the adjective depends on the noun "the sky" and is consistent with it in gender, number and case, the preposition is written separately.

But when differentiating between adverbs and such service parts of speech as particles, prepositions, conjunctions, you just need to ask a question to the word of interest and choose a synonym. As an example, let's take the word "by": "Children ran past the staircase cheerfully" - an excuse, the question is not raised, it is possible to replace "before, for"; "Running past, he shouted loudly" - an adverb in the sense of "close, close, close".

Unions

We continue to consider such a phenomenon as morphological homonymy. There are a lot of complicated, rather complicated cases in it, among them the spelling of homonymous parts of speech. Examples will allow you to see and understand the differences between them.

Particular attention should be paid to such unions as "so, because, too, too, because, because of this." The union "to" has its own homonymous brother - the interrogative-relative pronoun "what" and the particle "would." How to distinguish them? You can not allow a spelling mistake. First, if the particle "would" be omitted or transferred to another part of the sentence, and to the word "what" to choose a noun, then we have a pronoun. For example: "What would he draw? "What should he draw?" "What would he draw?" - A picture to him to draw? "And, secondly, the place of one union can always put another. We read: "I came to you to talk about the accumulated problems. "I came to you to talk about the accumulated problems."

Also, too

Unions "also, too" were in this row not by chance. They, like the previous "heroes", have their own homonymous parts of speech - an adverb with a particle "the same way" and a pronoun with the particle "the same". To understand that before us unions, we must replace them with each other or with the union "and" ("We love fiction, he also loves = he also loves = and he loves"). This is the first way.

In the adverb and pronoun, the particle "the same" can be omitted or replaced, and in the union it does not ("She wanted the same thing as we did = She wanted what we wanted"). In addition, the union does not raise a question, but to an adverb and a pronoun - yes. ("She wanted the same (what exactly?) That we did, She swam the same way (how? How exactly?), Like us"). This is the second way.

But, because, because

We continue the topic, and turn to new, no less interesting moments: the merging and separate writing of homonymous parts of speech "but because, therefore." They correctly write together, if they are unions, and separately - if pronouns with prepositions. How to recognize them? The methods are the same as in the above examples.

The union can always be chosen by another union: "but - because, because, because of that" ("He is a bad artist, but (but) a good decorator"). In combinations "for that, from that, by that," the pronouns "then, that, that" can easily be replaced by a noun or an adjective and put to them the corresponding questions ("I want to thank you for (what?) That you came To us for a holiday ")

Prepositions

The spelling of homonymous parts of speech (exercises in the textbooks on the Russian language) is quite a complicated topic. Therefore, we continue to study the matter in detail.

So, prepositions and other homonymous parts of speech. Here it should be recalled that the task of prepositions is to associate two words that form a word combination. They are derivative and non-productive. The first should be separated from the homonymous parts of speech. Here are a few examples:

• "The apartment was put in order for one month. "Suddenly, there was a sharp turn in the river."
• "We traveled throughout Italy for a month. - In the continuation of the novel appeared unexpected storylines. "
• "Due to lack of time, I did not finish my work. "I asked what he had in mind."
• "Thanks to his new ideas, we accomplished this task. "The guests were gradually dispersed, thanks to the hostess for a wonderful dinner."

What is what

In the first sentence, the combination "during" is a derivative preposition with the ending -e, since it is used in the sense of time and answers the questions "for how long? When? "He is deprived of an independent lexical meaning, inextricably linked with the noun. In the second case - homonym "in flow" - this is a noun with a preposition, because between them you can put an adjective, for example, "in a fast flow". We write the ending-and according to the general rules of declension of nouns.

In the third sentence, we are dealing with the preposition "in continuation" at the end with the letter -e. As in the first example, it has a time value, depending on the noun. In the fourth sentence, "in continuation" is a noun with a preposition, since one can use an adjective between them. Before us is the typical homonymy of the words of different parts of speech.

In the fifth variant, the word "in view" is written together, because it indicates the reason and, therefore, is a pretext. In the sixth sentence we deal with a noun with the preposition "in mind" and write separately. "Kind" is the initial form, which stands in the singular, in the prepositional case.

In the seventh case we encounter the use of the preposition "thanks", because we can not ask a question and do without it. And in the eighth - we meet with the homonymous gerundive "thanks", because it means an additional action to the basic, pronounced predicates "diverge," and forms a verbal participle.

We hope that the article on the topic "Homonymous parts of speech: definition, spelling, examples" will help to cope with all difficulties in the study of the Russian language.