How to play chess? Rules for playing chess

At first glance, it might seem that learning to play chess is fairly easy, but in fact, you need to make a lot of effort and remember a few basic rules.

History of occurrence

People are still arguing about whether this game is a sport or art. To date, computer technology has reached the point that any computer can easily solve "chess" problems of the highest complexity in a matter of seconds, but a person will need years of practice to do this.

For the first time the game in the form in which it is now customary to see appeared 15 centuries ago in the East. At the heart of her rules were the Arabian shatrange and the Indian Chaturanga. In the Middle Ages in Europe, the first chess tournament was held, in which only knights took part. These were real games of the mind. Chess in those days was considered the property of noble people. There is one eastern legend, according to which this game made a poor man a real rich man. One sage, who first showed the world how to play chess, asked for his "invention" one grain of wheat per cage, for the second - two, for the next - four and in a similar progression further to the end of the board. The ruler agreed, but he did not suspect that he would eventually have to give 8.5 quintillion grains (a number with 18 zeros). The result was a few kilograms of wheat, which in those days was a great luxury.

As the legend shows, so many variations of the development of events in chess, however, there are isolated situations, which are often formed on the board, and they are studied by specialists. Great grandmasters know a dozen of winning algorithms, which are sought out and adjusted for years in the course of hundreds of games.

Today this game has become popular all over the world. Many experts even advise chess for children as a tool for the development of deductive thinking.

Initial position

All figures can move only on 64 squares of the board. Equally important is their correct location. The board must be rotated so that to the right of the player there is a white square. On the plane itself there are 32 figures of two colors (black and white). The rules of chess play say that each of the "armies" of opponents must be mirror-like to each other. In the first line to the opponent have pawns, and on the last line of the board - all the other figures. Rooks are placed in the corners, then next to them are horses, behind them are elephants. In the center of the board, as it should be, the queen and the king are standing, and the second must be on the cage of the opposite color.

The turns are made in turn, and the first part begins with white. Often at the beginning, pawns go into battle.

Figures and their moves

The most important in chess is the king, but in itself he is practically helpless. Moves one square in any direction. If it is put in a desperate situation, the party is lost regardless of the number of remaining pieces. This position is called a mate, which means "to die from Arabic."

The second figure in importance is the queen. This is the king's most powerful weapon, which can move along any straight line and pass an unlimited number of cells in one turn.

The rook, along with the queen, is considered to be a group of "heavy" figures. Moving can only rectilinearly to the sides, except the diagonal. Limitations on the number of passed cells for the course has not.

The elephant is nearest to the king and queen. Variation of moves is limited by diagonals, but not by the number of cells. A horse is the most unique and interesting figure on the board. Unlike the rest, he moves only the letter "G", that is, two cells forward in the chosen direction and one to the side. Before each move, the horse has 8 variations for maneuvering.

There is another figure, which is important to get acquainted with before playing chess, is a pawn. And let her consider the weakest on the board, but without her, the king would face a very fast "death." He only goes forward by 1 or 2 cells in his own half and one by one on a stranger.

You can take the figure of an opponent only if it is on the path of the player's move. Then her place is taken by the figure that beats her. If there is a situation where the king is threatened with a loss of space on the board, then he can be protected or made a move to the side. A pawn can take any shape that is from it one square in front diagonally.

Rules of conduct and the cost of figures

The king can engage in battle with anyone except the queen, since he can attack all the cells around him.

The cheapest and weakest of the figures is the pawn. Its main advantage is the ability to make a fork, that is, simultaneously to threaten at once two elements of the enemy "army".

Rook is equal in value to five pawns and stands above all, except the queen. This is a very important figure for any strategy, with the help of which at any time you can make a mate.

The elephant and the horse are approximately equal in value, although they have different properties. Equal to three pawns. Among the shortcomings is the "dead zones", where these figures can not get (elephant - never, horse - for several moves). The most useful and strong element on the board is the queen. Its cost is equaled immediately to two rooks. Queen can do not only "fork", but also threaten 8 figures simultaneously.

Before playing chess, it is important to get acquainted with one more nuance. If the pawn has reached the last opposite cage of the board (up to the opponent's first line), then it can be exchanged for any figure that was previously taken by the opponent.

Recording Games

The standard chessboard is a square and consists of 64 fields. Vertically, letters from "a" to "h" are always placed, and horizontally the numbers from 1 to 8. These are the notations used in the recording of moves.

Thus, each cell has its own name, for example, d5, e1, f8, etc. In the progress record of the figure, two fields (initial and final) are recorded via a hyphen. For example: a2 - a4.

In addition, there are also brief notations for figures - these are the first letters of their names (Ф, Л, С, К). The only exception is the king. Its reduction in the record - Kr. The pawn is not designated in any way.

Outcomes of parties

The rules of chess describe only two possible developments of the final and one intermediate. Attack on the king is called a shah. This action is indicated in the entry by the "+" sign. Among chess players, it is usually called an intermediate outcome when there is a probability of a mat. In the case of the Shah, there are several ways to protect: go away king, close it with another figure or take an attacker.

If the king does not have the opportunity to escape from the attack, then the opponent was put mat. In this case, the lot is considered won. Denoted by the sign "x".

Draw in chess was called pat. This is the situation when the player has only one step to the mat, but he will not be able to do it, because the opponent has no options for maneuvering any of the figures. It is indicated by the symbol "#".

Castling

The rules of the game allow one time for a game to swap the king and rook. Chess for children excludes the possibility of castling figures, since it has rather complicated nuances for perception. Permutation is allowed only if neither the rook nor the king has made a single move and is not under attack by an opponent. Also it can not be done at the very beginning of the game. During castling, the rook gets close to the king, and the rook gets to the next field from the other side.

Russian Chess

The rules of this game are no different from its Arabic counterpart. Russian chess is a board with 64 squares and 32 pieces. Pawns here are called Taurles. The remaining figures are named: prince, horseman and warrior. The king is a magus.

How to play chess with such figures? The main difference is the "tower" position. During the game, not a single figure is removed from the board. If one of them beats the other, then it is placed on top of the first, forming a kind of tower, and so on.

The game continues until the first figure appears on the Magician.