How to disassemble verbs as parts of speech. Signs of the verb as part of speech

The verb is one of the most important parts of the speech of the Russian language, the study of which in the school curriculum is given a huge amount of time. And this is understandable, because the topic is actually quite large. In its study, children are explained how to determine the form, type and meaning of a particular word in a sentence, and how to disassemble verbs as parts of speech. The Russian language course assumes familiarity with this section after all the nominal parts. And this is not at all fortuitous, because, unlike nouns, adjectives and numerals, the verb has the form of conjugation, which means that the morphological features of this part of speech are fundamentally different from other words and word forms.

Word as part of speech: verb

The definition of the verb given in school textbooks sounds like this: it is part of the speech that answers the questions denoting the action, and can be expressed in the state (hurt), property (stutter), sign (darken) and in relation to (jealous). The initial form of the verb that answers the questions "what to do" and "what to do" is called the infinitive, or an indefinite form, which in a sentence can be any one of its members.

For example: to understand (subject) is to feel; To be (predicate) to rain; Friends asked him to sing (supplement); She went to walk (circumstance).

The topic of the section, which tells how to disassemble verbs as parts of speech, children begin to study already in the 4th grade, and in subsequent years return to it repeatedly. However, before going directly to the analysis of the verb, one should study its characteristics. This is exactly what will be discussed later.

Permanent signs of the verb

One of the important features of this part of speech is that all words related to it can have permanent and non-persistent signs, the study of which is necessary in order to disassemble the verb as part of the speech. The first include:

• Belonging to the species. If the process or action described by the verb is completed at the moment, or indicated that it will be such, it is the perfect kind. For example: I left, I came, I will write, I will read, I will say . And if the word does not presuppose completeness, then this is an imperfect kind of the verb. For example: I live, I drew, I write.
• Transitivity and intransitivity. The difference between these grammatical features is the presence of a preposition when using a verb with a pronoun or a noun. Transitive verbs can be used without prepositions with nominative parts of speech in accusative, and with negation - in the genitive case. And with intransitive forms, the presence of a preposition for linking words is a prerequisite. For example: read a letter, did not read an article, built a house, get out of the house, sympathize with a friend, cherish time.
• Returnability. To define this sign is simple enough, as a rule, all verbs of this type end in -yas or -s. It should be noted that this characteristic indicates that the verb is intransitive. For example: laughed at his sister, dissolved in water, adhere to a diet .
• Conjugation is one of the most important characteristics that participates in the formation of words and consists in changing the verbs by numbers and persons. To study and consolidate this topic in the school course of the Russian language is given a lot of time, and the ability to correctly determine the conjugation of the verb depends on the quality of the spelling. However, you can write the whole topic in one small summary. So, to the first conjugation carry all the verbs with the endings- you, -em, -et, -et, -out, -youth , and to the second - with endings on -is, -im, -it, -it, Are . To determine the conjugation, the verb should be changed by faces and follow the end change.

Unstable signs of the verb

Characteristics of these signs are in their name, and it is also very important to study them before deconstructing verbs as parts of speech. These include the following factors that affect word formation:

• Mood. The form of this feature indicates the relation of action to real time. There are three forms of mood: indicative (the action is now), conditional (the action is only desirable) and imperative (the action is possible at certain events).
• Time and number. In Russian there is a past, present and future tense of verbs. As a rule, difficulties do not arise with the definition of this grammatical attribute, nor with the definition of a plural or singular number.
• The genus. Like all significant parts of speech, verbs can vary by birth, depending on the word that determines the person with whom the action is associated.

How to parse verbs as parts of speech

It is precisely these features that should be pointed out in the morphological analysis of the verb, the plan of which looks like this:

1. Specify the name of the part of speech.
2. Determine the initial form.
3. To indicate the constant signs of the verb as part of speech: appearance, recurrence, transitivity, conjugation.
4. Indicate non-permanent signs: inclination, time, face and gender (if any), as well as a number.
5. Disassemble the sentence in which the verb is used and determine its function, that is, specify which member it is.

Examples of parsing a verb as part of a speech

To fix the studied material (morphological features and signs of the verb) the school program provides for numerous analyzes of this part of speech according to the scheme described above. With the help of this method, children are taught to systematize knowledge and apply them correctly, repeating again and again, with a particular analysis, all the signs of a particular part of speech.

As an example, consider this phrase: "The sun shines brightly in the sky".

1. Shining is the verb.
2. The initial form is to shine.
3. The verb is imperfect, non-transient, transitive, used in the second conjugation.
4. The sun shines - the action takes place in the present tense, and hence it is the indicative form of the verb that is used in the singular, in the third person and in the middle genus.
5. On - the pretext, the sky - circumstance, the bright circumstance, the predicate shines, the sun - the subject.

The analysis of the verb in composition

No less important is the theme: "Morphemic analysis of the word." What does this mean and how to make out the word by composition? The verb, like all words, has the main part, on the basis of which other forms are formed. It is this part without the ending, which in the designation is a rectangle, is called the base and is the main one in determining the lexical meaning. When parsing, it is denoted by a square bracket under the word.

Following the basis, a suffix is given - a morpheme, which participates in the form and word formation of single-root words. The letter is indicated by an angle with an upwardly directed vertex.

For verbs in the indicative and conditional inclination of the past tense, a zero suffix or -l- is characteristic. For example: I read - I would read, I would carry it .

An undefined form is formed with the suffixes -t- and -ty-, but in the school program these morphemes are regarded as endings. For example: slept - sleep and saved - to save .

The prefix is one of the significant parts of the word, which stands at the beginning and participates in the formation of new word forms. Schematically denoted by the inverted letter G.

The root is an obligatory and fundamental part, it contains a lexical meaning and a constituent for all the root words. There is no single lexical unit in which this morpheme would not exist, whereas without the other elements they are quite normally used. The root on the letter is denoted by an arc.

Morpheme analysis rules

The question of how to disassemble the verb by composition, is of interest to many schoolchildren. You can talk a lot about this, but it's better to show it in practice. But first, it should be noted that the infinitive and the verbs of the singular masculine gender, used in the past tense and conditional mood, have no endings. Also these verbs do not have a suffix.

Morphemic analysis of verbs, like other words, is carried out according to this scheme:

1. Definition of a part of speech.
2. Highlighting the ending with an explanation of its meaning.
3. Selection of root words and definition of the root.
4. Selection of prefix and suffix.
5. The definition of the basis of the word, in which the lexical meaning is concluded.

Understand the verbs in composition

To consolidate the material, it is necessary to disassemble a few words about the composition by the example: suffers - the initial form of suffering . This is an imperfect kind of verb with the ending -et , which points to the present, the third person, the singular. The basis of the word - suffering -, suffix - a -. Raw words: suffering, suffering, suffering . The root is a suffering with the possible replacement of the letter "d" with "g". This word does not have a prefix.