How to build a perspective

When designing various objects, visual images in the form of axonometric projections are often used . For illustrations of small items (instruments, machine parts), such images are very convenient, but if the space is significant (interior or landscape, an object of landscape design), then it is better to use the image as a perspective.

The interior perspective should be constructed taking into account the following conditions:

- the height of both the point of descent and the horizon line itself should be unchanged;

- parallel straight lines, directed deep into the picture, should appear to converge;

- as you move away from the viewer, the linear dimensions of the objects are reduced.

We begin the construction of the perspective by determining the scale of the interior. As a rule, we take the size of a standard human figure about 1 m in height. 75 cm. As a rule, the dimensions of living quarters and furniture are related to the proportions of the human figure.

On a sheet of paper in A3 format, draw a rectangle - our future picture. Outside it is necessary to leave space for remote points located on the horizon line. The very horizon line is drawn just above or below the middle of the height of the picture (to give the image a natural look). On the horizon line, just a little bit away from the center, we mark the central point - the point of descent. We choose the distance from which the viewer looks at the picture, usually it is equal to its two diagonals. We lay this distance on a perpendicular reconstructed from the point of descent to our horizon line, then we draw two rays at the same angle of 45 ° to the vertical of the upper point obtained. The points of their intersection with the horizon lines and are the points of descent. With their help, we will be able to construct an image of objects occupying a common (i.e., nephronal) position.

Construction of the perspective should begin with the marking of the floor. From the right near corner we draw the line of intersection of the plane of the floor with the plane of the wall. On the lower line of the picture plane, we will postulate the expected width of the room, from the left near corner we also draw a line to the point of descent. The resulting receding strip of the floor plane must be confined to the opposite wall. We put the required distance in the depth of the room, we use distance points to calculate the depth scale.

Continue building the perspective by applying lines of walls and ceiling of the room. Lines are applied on the same principle, the dimensions of the elements are tied to the proportions of the human figure, given the depth scale.

The frontal perspective of the premise presupposes the filling of objects with furniture. It is necessary to determine in advance the composition, dimensions, outlines of the furniture group. Most objects can be schematically represented in the form of a prism. Having planned the location of objects in the interior of the future dwelling, let us designate their projections on the floor plane. The image of rectangular prisms, into which our cabinets and shelves are inscribed, will be based on the same principles of perspective construction as the image of the walls and ceiling of the room, taking into account the proportions in height, width and depth. As a basis, we recall that the average height of a person is accepted everywhere. With a correctly executed perspective, the lines of all objects must converge in the same point of departure that we planned at the beginning of the work, lying on the horizon line.

The construction of the perspective will be incomplete without drawing details, the dimensions of which are usually determined by eye, taking into account the proportions. To enhance the impression of a three-dimensional space, it is worthwhile to include in the drawing a partial blocking of distant objects by neighbors, drawing on the walls and floor of ornaments, filling free space with small characteristic details.

At the end of the work, you must delete the auxiliary lines, and draw the lines of the contour more boldly. In this case, lines of the invisible contour should not be traced. It should be noted that changing the thickness of the stroke line to the depth of the room also serves as an additional means of giving the picture volume and expressiveness.